Democratic Forest Trusts (PDF)in Watson, Alan; Dean, Liese; Sproull, Janet, comps. 2006. Science and stewardship to protect and sustain wilderness values: Eighth World Wilderness Congress Symposium; 2005 September 30-October 6; Anchorage, AK.Democratic trusts with leadership elected by citizen-members promise to solve many of the problems afflicting both traditional government and corporate ownership of forestlands. This article explores these issues in some depth.Complexity and the Dream of Human Control of Eco-Systems (PDF)in Watson, Alan; Dean, Liese; Sproull, Janet, comps. 2006. Science and stewardship to protect and sustain wilderness values: Eighth World Wilderness Congress Symposium; 2005 September 30-October 6; Anchorage, AK.The title captures it. I then explore the kinds of institutions compatible with both nature and the modern world that are implied from this analysis.Rethinking the Obvious: Modernity and Living Respectfully With Nature (PDF)The Trumpeter: Journal of Ecosophy, Winter, 1997.Modernity is usually considered a wrong turn in terms of respect for and sustaining the environment. I argue the reality is more complex, for modernity has freed us from personal dependence on agriculture, ended the economic value of children, radically reduced the likelihood of large scale wat, and shifted much production to intellectual rather than material capital. This partially decouples society from nature, which gives us important opportunities as well as problems.Towards an Ecocentric Political Economy (PDF)The Trumpeter, Fall, 1996.This paper begins my effort at showing how liberal modernity can be harmonized with an ecocentric perspective on our relationship with the natural world. It is a corrective to much “free market environmental” literature that sacrifices Nature to money as well as to anti-liberal attacks by well-meaning but economically naïve environmentalists.Unexpected Harmonies: Self-Organization in Liberal Modernity and Ecology (PDF)The Trumpeter, Journal of Ecosophy, 10:1, Winter 1993This is my initial paper exploring how what I term ‘evolutionary liberal’ thought can be an important means by which society and nature can be brought into greater harmony. The other Trumpeter papers build on it.Deep Ecology and Liberalism: The Greener Implications of Evolutionary Liberalism (PDF)Review of Politics, Fall, 1996.Liberal thought and deep ecology are usually regarded as mutually exclusive. But the “evolutionary” tradition offers a way to integrate the two through commonalties in the work of David Hume, Michael Polanyi, Arne Naess, and Aldo Leopold, providing a stronger foundation for liberalism while strengthening the case for an ecocentric ethic.(Related subjects: Ecology)Saving Western Towns: A Jeffersonian Green Proposal (PDF)in Writers on the Range, Karl Hess and John Baden, eds., University Press of Colorado, 1998.Developmental pressures in the rural and small town West involve three groups: long term residents, new arrivals, and environmentalists. Today their interests often conflict. This conflict is in part the outcome of institutions which prevent harmonizing competing interests. The concept of developmental trusts, both for rural regions and for small communities offers a means whereby these interests can be harmonized for the benefit of all concerned.(Related subjects: Politics)Social Ecology, Deep Ecology, and Liberalism (PDF)Critical Review, 6: 2-3, 1992.Murray Bookchin is considered a leading radical environmental theorist. However, his analysis is incapable of leading humankind towards a more respectful and sustainable relationship with the natural world. Criticisms of Bookchin from both the deep ecology and evolutionary liberal perspective complement one another, pointing the way towards a better understanding of how modernity relates to the environment.The paper as a whole offers an early discussion of issues that are more clearly addressed in later papers, particularly Deep Ecology and Liberalism (1996) and the three Trumpeter articles in 1997, 1996, and 1993. However, there are other ideas in the article which have not been developed more thoroughly elsewhere.
Earth Day is approaching, and while I want to honor it, today I was sent a link to an article that suggests honoring Earth day would be a mistake. The author, Bradley Doucet, repeats standard attacks from various kinds of right wingers on environmentalists. There is nothing new here, but a lot we encounter all too often among those attacking environmentalism. And so I’ll use him to go after a more general target.
Doucet’s article, Why on Earth… Are We So Worried about the Planet? is an attempted take down of environmentalism and care for our earth in the name of unfettered capitalism. As I read it, I was reminded of a remarkably similar piece the science fiction author Michael Crichton had given to the Commonwealth Club in San Francisco before his death.
Both attacks on environmentalism mixed bad science, bad logic, and bad history, with ad hominem attacks on unnamed “environmentalists.” Both argue that “Environmentalism” refers to a new anti-human religion, without naming names, and without giving definitions. This has become a major ‘conservative’ and ‘libertarian’ critique of environmentalists extending from the looniest of the ‘Christian’ Right to equally dogmatic advocates of laissez faire.
I want to explore just one aspect of this charge today – the charge that “environmentalism” is a “secular religion. (I’ve explored Crichton’s absurdities in great detail and will share them with anyone who send me their email. It’s too long for a blog post.)
Doucet claims
At their worst, environmentalists do not merely lack confidence in our ability to solve our problems and fail to analyze costs and benefits. At the most extreme, they are positively against technological progress. They are not just against the pollution caused by cars; they are against cars. They not only favor energy-saving light bulbs; they favor turning out the lights. They do not merely criticize the ills that accompany our civilization; they criticize civilization itself.
If pressed he could probably find one who fits his description. I know I can. My major nominee would be Derrick Jensen, who has written some valuable stuff marred by his dislike of post hunting and gathering societies. But Doucet and those like him are wrong about nearly all of others. He hides his sloppy thinking by arguing that ALL environmentalists lie on a continuum that leads to a dismissal of civilization and human well-being.
This arbitrary map assumes first that human flourishing and environmental health are at odds. It also assumes that all of us are ‘environmentalists’ because of a deep seated dislike of humanity.
Here is a list of MAJOR environmental thinkers who certainly do not fit this fantasy: Henry David Thoreau, John Muir, Aldo Leopold, Holmes Rolston, J. Baird Callicott, Gary Snyder, Paul Hawken, Amory Lovins, David Brower, Arne Naess, Sigurd Olson, Jane Goodall, Murray Bookchin, Joanna Macy, Adolph Murie, Edward O. Wilson, Peter Barnes, and a host of others. They often do not agree with one another, but they will all agree that this attack on environmentalism is at best embarrassingly ignorant.
.
Doucet adds
As people in developed nations have slowly abandoned Christianity and other traditional faiths, the void left by their absence has been too much for some to bear. God has been replaced by Mother Nature, and a mythical past in which we lived in harmony with Her has taken on Eden-like proportions. Most importantly, man is still fallen, and apocalypse still looms.
Crichton agrees, arguing “I think we all need to get rid of the religion of environmentalism” and replace it with “hard science.” Doucet echoes this attitude. In doing so both demonstrate they do not understand science.
Science cannot solve the most important environmental problems because they are also questions of values. Science cannot tell us what is important. How much of a certain sort of pollution is acceptable cannot be answered “objectively.” It is a value call. How much global warming is acceptable is not a scientific question. Science can help us take better care of Yellowstone – but it is we who need to decide what counts as “better care.” Nor can science tell us whether we should have a national park system, whether it is too large, too small, or just right. It cannot tell us whether or not to drill at the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge. It cannot tell us whether to preserve endangered species. It cannot tell us if it is ever justifiable to frustrate certain human desires in order to protect the well being of non-humans. These are questions of ethics and morality
I think the best rebuttal to such simplistic thinking as Doucet, Crichton, and so many like them comes from Aldo Leopold, perhaps the most important American environmental thinker of the 20th century. In his Sand County Almanac Leopold discusses our feelings of regret when the last passenger pigeon died.
He notes “For one species to mourn the death of another is a new thing under the sun. . . . we who have lost our pigeons, mourn the loss. Had the funeral been ours, the pigeons would hardly have mourned us. In this fact, rather than in Mr. DuPont’s nylons or Mr. Vannevar Bush’s bombs, lies objective evidence of our superiority over the beasts.”
We have the capacity to care, and care deeply, for beings who are of no utility to us. This capacity to love and care rests at the core of what it is to be human. This capacity is what underlies our celebration of Earth Day. That we also despair of human short sightedness and greed is in no way anti-human.
Emphasizing love and care is a central task of religion in the best sense.
Environmentalism is not a religion, but it is the natural position of ANY religion that either sees the divine in the world, as we Pagans and some Christians and others do, or as the loving creation of a Deity whom they profess to honor, as other equally genuine Christians and others do.
We Pagans who honor Nature as the expression and manifestation of divinity usually come to a strong environmental conclusion. The Greek Orthodox position is in keeping with a strong environmentalist perspective. Buddhists have developed a strong environmental ethic. More liberal Western Christian and Jewish traditions have as well. When I organized an interfaith tree planting in Berkeley many years ago, the only people who did not show up were Fundamentalists and I think some conservative Muslims equally uninterested in Interfaith (I bet they sing a different song now.)
But we can go farther. The dominant Western secular mindset does not recognize any way of relating to other than human beings except through power. It’s model of knowledge does not encompass what makes us most uniquely human. It is through spiritual traditions recognizing our relations with the more than human world that most often teach us respect, humility, and responsibility extends beyond the purely human.
Perhaps with a little more respect, humility, and sense of responsibility, Doucet, Crichton and others like them would have been able to actually say something insightful about Earth Day and environmentalism.



posted April 22, 2009 at 3:03 am
Well said, Gus–as usual. Logic, science, reason, and technology, do us well when they are informed by values, intuition, experience, and common sense. In current Western society, however, they have come to dominate public discourse, and values, intuition, and other “soft” aspects of humanity are hardly given houseroom.
In a way, Crichton and Doucet’s extolling of science and technology is, in itself, a religious belief–the belief that we are only a couple of breakthrougths away from being able to continue our current patterns of production and consumption forever. What they cannot abide is the idea, put forth by many environmentalists, that we will have to reduce our patterns of consumption and our standard of living, and reduce them significantly, if we want to survive in the long term. We’ve gotten where we are now by putting one and taking ten, and they don’t see any reason why we should stop. Needless to say, they will react fiercely against any suggestions that, if we know what’s good for us, we’d better start putting ten and taking one, and continue to do so for a good long time.
posted April 22, 2009 at 5:34 am
It is perfectly in keeping with the dark humor of chthonic goddesses that a guy like Crighton, who made a fortune writing science fiction, would become an advocate of “hard science” -like resurrecting a T. rex from DNA recovered from a fossilzed bug’s ass perhaps? This is symptomatic of a newly classified disease on the Right, “irony deficiency extremia,” a mental malady now strongly suspected to result in suicidal ideation, incoherent thinking and manic consumption of non-renewable resources. Victims of IDE have even been known to hang themselves by their tongue.
If any substantial fraction of the predictions of climate scientists is true, those who ridicule the effects of humanity on world climate will eventually be drowned out (perhaps literally) by events to come, but by that time millions (or more) of humans and thousands of species will have disappeared. The global stakes being what they are, it is time for the Doucets of the world to be hooted off the stage, pelted with rotten eggs, and run out of town. People who advocate mass suicide and what essentially amounts to the murder of other species are Jim Joneses ladling out the poisoned Kool Aid of an extremist “-ism,” in their case, “capitalism.”
posted April 22, 2009 at 8:16 am
Please send me your exploration of Chrichton’s presentation.
I am an earth scientist and Wiccan. I work in the oil patch and in environmental science. I am most emphatically NOT a tree-hugger, but am certain that we MUST begin to change our lifestyles now, if our children’s children are to have any chance of a better life than we have. I believe that our best efforts should be directed towards changing our society’s definition of well-being to one that is more sustainable than now prevails.
Thank you for your columns; your clear reasoning stands a chance of influencing those who are open to influence.
posted April 22, 2009 at 9:03 am
I would like to read your article about Crichton’s position. Thank you.
posted April 22, 2009 at 11:12 am
I agree with you, but question whether there are *any* really secular anti-environmental propagandists writing in that vein right now. These people are so obviously devoted to the religion of unrestrained greed they are unable to comprehend any other way of thinking. It has become their “One right true and only” religion.
At a time when the extranational psychowealthy are driving many humans to the edge of survival (or over it) in their insane pursuit of more wealth, I find it hard to believe anyone could be so stupid as to believe these people will do anything but ruin our planet if not controlled.
And most real environmentalism is driven by hard science.
Laissez-Faire capitalism is both anti-human and inhumane in its basic structure. Its proponents sound rather strident and hysterical right now as they stand in the ruins of its latest disaster.
Thermal
posted April 22, 2009 at 12:58 pm
Leopold was quite right in noting that humans are the only species known to mourn the suffering or disappearance of other life forms. And as E.O. Wilson once remarked, we are lucky ants don’t have nuclear weapons. However, I find it curious to say that “Buddhists have developed a strong environmental ethic” unless we are talking only about theoretical applications. In practice the environment where Buddhism is prevalent show little benefit from its supposed environmental ethic. One could argue that Buddhism has never been allowed to apply its ethic, or that it has been corrupted, and that if only . . . . Unfortunately, religion and religious ideals do not exist in a vacuum. If a religion cannot become part of its larger culture, including politics and commerce, it may still be admirable in scripture but useless in practice.
Where Buddhism is widespread the populations are largely poor and have little control over the working of their own society and are ineffective in defending their own freedom or their rights to basic environmental amenities, whether we talk of clean water or wilderness.
Poor and technologically simple cultures sometimes live in relatively intact ecosystems, but not because of some desire to live that way. The condition is largely preserved by their lack of power to change their environment.
As far as improving the environment we have, it is no accident that the greatest efforts, informed by the best science has come from developed and affluent western countries.
posted April 22, 2009 at 10:22 pm
I would note that Crichton is a physician and an Anthroplogist. Doucet is an economist. These are “soft” sciences. Neither of these fields are likely to offer the solutions to environmental concerns that they feel science will somehow create. I submit that many of those who accuse environmentalism of having become a religion have, in fact, made a religion of technology. (note that I use “technology” here and not “science”.) They seem to expect that some Star Trek engineer will create a marvelous new invention at the last moment and save us from ruin as happens in so many really old Science Fiction stories from the Doc Smith era. Alas, real science doesn’t work like that. Massive grants and decades of research are usually required…and we are fast running out of time. Perhaps if they had paid attention in 1970 and started working on the problem then. Instead they spent forty tears alternately denying the problem existed and claiming any meaningful proposal would destroy the economy. Perhaps this is why a large number of Science Fiction writers who were grounded in “hard” sciences began writing dystopian novels in the 70s and many more switched to Fantasy.
posted April 23, 2009 at 8:12 am
Pigeons don’t have the brains to mourn the loss of another species.
As a biology major in college thirty years ago, I remember doing field work in stream ecology. Even then it was possible to see the horrific stress that industry was placing on the biome, and the willful blindness of those responsible. They were convinced that human industrial progress would have no impartial consequences. Emotionally, they simply could not tolerate believing otherwise.
The Earth, like cloth, consists of strands,
Where torn we ought to mend it,
For no one knows which thread, once torn,
May suddenly just end it.
We mourn the loss of a species of pigeons because it reminds us that we, too, will die, and we are afraid of annihilation. Nothing altruistic or superior there. That same fear and denial motivates us to invent religions in which we designate us the chosen species, the special ones that some human-faced God is going to save from the fate of every other species. There’s your bad science.
posted April 24, 2009 at 1:51 pm
I’m interested in reading what you have to say about Crichton’s presentation.
posted April 25, 2009 at 1:55 pm
Gaarik-
I need your email to send it to you and I do not have access to beliefnet emails unless I am asked to approve one
Or become a friend on Facebook. We can communicate that way.
posted May 1, 2009 at 2:28 am
You are being deceived. The world’s problems are not the result of left-wing, right-wing; that is a distraction that you bought into. Stop worshipping the earth, environmentalism, and witchcraft because your evil is destroying the world,and you will suffer for eternity in hell where you will have forever to practice being pagan.
posted April 22, 2011 at 4:17 pm
I disagree with your statement “Science cannot solve the most important environmental problems because they are also questions of values. Science cannot tell us what is important.” Science is the only thing that can solve important environmental problems and also tell us what is important. Small example: growing corn for ethanol was supposed to be more environmentally friendly than petrol from oil. $6,000,000,000/year later, even Al Gore has said that this program was a ‘mistake.’ Can we hold him accountable for the $6 BILLION? No. But we continue to subsidize corn-ethanol anyway because the government just can’t stop now becuase it has suck too much money in it, politicians don’t want to piss off the Iowa caucaus, and the program keeps going, if only to save face. Meanwhile, world food prices continue to soar, and poor people in Haiti and elsewhere are left eating dirt or starving to death. (http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/01/080130-AP-haiti-eatin.html)
If the politicians had let the free-market work, manufacturer’s would’ve realized that corn ethanol wouldn’t have worked because it would’ve had to be subsidized, and we wouldn’t invest in it.
As a Voluntarist (anarchist), I know that the best thing for the environment is directly proportional to how good it is for my walet. If I drive slower, I save money. If I recycle plastic bags more than once, I save by not having to buy new bags. If I live in a small 750sq. ft. apartment, I spend less on heating, cooling, mortgage, insurance, land, and materials than a large house. My brokerage account soars, my wallet stays fat, and the environment is better for it.
posted April 22, 2011 at 4:34 pm
Trevor-
Thanks for taking the time to explain your position, and I hope the following shows you it still may need some work.
Science cannot tell us what is important. That is a human judgment. Science can tell us the speed at which an internal combustion engine emits the least exhaust/mile traveled, but it cannot tell us how much to factor that in to how fast we travel. That is a decision based on evaluating several values that cannot be ranked objectively in importance.
The free market works quite differently depending on how property rights are defined. What constitutes crossing a boundary? How much of a chemical? How much sound? hat kinds of visual light? All these and countless other questions must be answered before the market has property rights with which people can engage in trade. And the market itself does not answer these questions – they are ultimately questions of value for a community as a whole.
Sometimes the market can work in environmentally friendly ways and sometimes not, but that question cannot even begin to be addressed until we define property rights.
Your view of voluntarist anarchism assumes everyone is interested in fattening their wallet, so once the rules are established the invisible hand serves both wallet and environment. But everyone is not interested in fattening their wallet. many of us like fat wallets, but we like other things far more. And to take your plastic bag example, if the bag is dirty, I may spend more time washing the bag in order to save it than the bag is worth in money terms. In that case if I acted purely financially, I’d toss the bag and get another.
The market is geared to people’s time preferences, the environment is not. For that reason if no other (and there are others) we can never assume harmony between the automatic working of the market and the environment. My last example – once it is cut down an old growth forest is not worth recreating because the time spent growing it will not bring in enough income to justify investing in the land and its replanting and subsequent protection. That is why no one does this for economic reasons.