Democratic Forest Trusts (PDF)in Watson, Alan; Dean, Liese; Sproull, Janet, comps. 2006. Science and stewardship to protect and sustain wilderness values: Eighth World Wilderness Congress Symposium; 2005 September 30-October 6; Anchorage, AK.Democratic trusts with leadership elected by citizen-members promise to solve many of the problems afflicting both traditional government and corporate ownership of forestlands. This article explores these issues in some depth.Complexity and the Dream of Human Control of Eco-Systems (PDF)in Watson, Alan; Dean, Liese; Sproull, Janet, comps. 2006. Science and stewardship to protect and sustain wilderness values: Eighth World Wilderness Congress Symposium; 2005 September 30-October 6; Anchorage, AK.The title captures it. I then explore the kinds of institutions compatible with both nature and the modern world that are implied from this analysis.Rethinking the Obvious: Modernity and Living Respectfully With Nature (PDF)The Trumpeter: Journal of Ecosophy, Winter, 1997.Modernity is usually considered a wrong turn in terms of respect for and sustaining the environment. I argue the reality is more complex, for modernity has freed us from personal dependence on agriculture, ended the economic value of children, radically reduced the likelihood of large scale wat, and shifted much production to intellectual rather than material capital. This partially decouples society from nature, which gives us important opportunities as well as problems.Towards an Ecocentric Political Economy (PDF)The Trumpeter, Fall, 1996.This paper begins my effort at showing how liberal modernity can be harmonized with an ecocentric perspective on our relationship with the natural world. It is a corrective to much “free market environmental” literature that sacrifices Nature to money as well as to anti-liberal attacks by well-meaning but economically naïve environmentalists.Unexpected Harmonies: Self-Organization in Liberal Modernity and Ecology (PDF)The Trumpeter, Journal of Ecosophy, 10:1, Winter 1993This is my initial paper exploring how what I term ‘evolutionary liberal’ thought can be an important means by which society and nature can be brought into greater harmony. The other Trumpeter papers build on it.Deep Ecology and Liberalism: The Greener Implications of Evolutionary Liberalism (PDF)Review of Politics, Fall, 1996.Liberal thought and deep ecology are usually regarded as mutually exclusive. But the “evolutionary” tradition offers a way to integrate the two through commonalties in the work of David Hume, Michael Polanyi, Arne Naess, and Aldo Leopold, providing a stronger foundation for liberalism while strengthening the case for an ecocentric ethic.(Related subjects: Ecology)Saving Western Towns: A Jeffersonian Green Proposal (PDF)in Writers on the Range, Karl Hess and John Baden, eds., University Press of Colorado, 1998.Developmental pressures in the rural and small town West involve three groups: long term residents, new arrivals, and environmentalists. Today their interests often conflict. This conflict is in part the outcome of institutions which prevent harmonizing competing interests. The concept of developmental trusts, both for rural regions and for small communities offers a means whereby these interests can be harmonized for the benefit of all concerned.(Related subjects: Politics)Social Ecology, Deep Ecology, and Liberalism (PDF)Critical Review, 6: 2-3, 1992.Murray Bookchin is considered a leading radical environmental theorist. However, his analysis is incapable of leading humankind towards a more respectful and sustainable relationship with the natural world. Criticisms of Bookchin from both the deep ecology and evolutionary liberal perspective complement one another, pointing the way towards a better understanding of how modernity relates to the environment.The paper as a whole offers an early discussion of issues that are more clearly addressed in later papers, particularly Deep Ecology and Liberalism (1996) and the three Trumpeter articles in 1997, 1996, and 1993. However, there are other ideas in the article which have not been developed more thoroughly elsewhere.
IMPORTANT UPDATE below
At a Good Friday service in the
Vatican and attended by Pope Benedict, preacher Father
Raniero Cantalamessa compared the current scandals over sexual abuse by Church
officials with “the most shameful aspects of anti-Semitism.” To say this is obscene is perhaps an understatement.
I
have refrained from commenting on the current sex abuse scandal rocking
the Catholic Church’s leadership, partly because it’s so obvious that the
guilty were systematically protected and the victims systematically injured and
partly because it is not a Pagan issue – though that wing of the Church that is
most anti-Pagan seems also disproportionately guilty of these crimes.
MONOTHEISM and ORGANIZATION
But there is an interesting
theological point here. The
penchant for powerful centralized organizations that become corrupt at the top
is something Christian monotheisms are particularly prone to because most have
a radically hierarchical model of reality.
Smaller decentralized monotheistic
groups do not have the numbers to seek political power and domination, but often have
a similarly hierarchical view of a ultimate king share this weakness. As soon as they see an opportunity to
exercise power their lust for domination is as strong as was the Catholic
hierarchy when it was at the peek of its power. The conservative and right-wing
branch of the Southern Baptists are proving this big time.
The problem is inherent in belief
in a single divine “king” that can be understood as a “personality.” It suggests that all good authority is ultimately top-down from a Big Boss. A human organization then takes it upon itself to serve as The Boss’s representatives to the rest of us. (As monotheists move towards a more mystical understanding of the One this problem seems to diminish – but (if I understand it correctly), they have to abandon the “King” imagery.)
As soon as such an organization
arises it tends to redefine its task in terms of what is good for the
leadership. Leaders come to view
themselves as identical with all that is best about the organization. That is what we are witnessing today.
It is fascinating.
Such corruption can survive when it
has political power behind it, but when political freedom enters in, these
organizations have a hard time. For example, the Church was dominant in Ireland until a free
political environment enabled its leaders’ crimes to be exposed along with that
of their political allies. It’s subsequent fall was rapid. Now
evidence is rapidly accumulating that this problem is endemic in the Church all
over. My guess is the Church will
not reform itself effectively because the leadership is concerned primarily
with itself, not its supposed spiritual mission. That is why criticism of the Pope and many around him can be
compared with the worst aspects of anti-Semitism by these people. It is a totally distorted view of the
world.
NOT JUST A RELIGIOUS PROBLEM
This morning I listened to a
absolutely fascinating NPR Podcast about the failure of General Motors to
reform itself. It had a chance, for it had
accomplished a miracle in its successful
Fremont, California plant that, using Toyota’s methods, moved from being GM’s
worst performing plant slated for closure to one of its best. The result of its failure was
bankruptcy. The reasons were complex, but leadership’s failure to appreciate
their situation was a major factor.
The podcast is free through the weekend, and available here [mp3] or through
iTunes.
The
Church’s problems are not unique to Catholicism, nor to Christianity, they are
a disease of all big organizations.
UPDATE
Tristero at Hullabaloo has a very perceptive analysis of why the obscene remark on anti-Semitism appeared at theVatican – to change the subject from evil deeds by many to evil words by one. To give another example, when a “hotline” for victims of sexual abuse by priests was set up in Germany it had to be shut down because of the enormous number of calls seeking help.
The most important point here is not priestly misbehavior, dreadful as it is. It is the long record of cover up by higher-ups, and of putting the interests of criminals ahead of the interests of those the organization was charged to serve. It takes a sociopath come up with a plan to derail news coverage of the abuse and cover-up, which involves the institution, with focusing on a priest’s disgusting words, which involves a man.
One commentator observed that small organizations can be as bad. Other than small cults dominated by a twisted personality and explicitly criminal gangs I think this is not so. Large organizations engage many decent people and ultimately corrupt them on a large scale, getting them to do things they otherwise would not. Think of Germany and the Holocaust, the killing fields of Cambodia, or murder and torture of prisoners by Americans and the defense of it by many more. (The scale of the latter crimes is smaller, the moral degeneration it exhibits is not.) These are not explicable by reference to a cult.



posted April 2, 2010 at 3:16 pm
Hey, anybody who grew up with a domineering abusive parent can tell you, it happens in small organizations too. I think it’s what happens when there’s no system of checks and balances in place.
posted April 2, 2010 at 3:27 pm
A new low, even for them. How can they dare to even allude to the holocaust, considering the collusion of the Vatican with fascism throughout Europe (and the whole long sad history of the Church with respect to anti-Semitism).
I think the point about small versus large monotheisms is well taken. Personally I think that monotheism, in and of itself, has an inherent tendency toward intolerance. But we all have problematic tendencies. We are, after all, carnivorous animals. But we can choose to be vegetarians, or at least we can choose to be ethical in the way we obtain our food and especially our meat (and eggs, etc). But meat still tastes good. And that’s something to think about. The flesh of our fellow living beings tastes good.
But we are not all murderers, simply because we all have a taste for blood. And obviously the vast majority of Christians (and Muslims) are decent human beings, or at least as decent as the rest of us on a reasonably good day.
But monotheism + power = trouble. No doubt about that.
posted April 2, 2010 at 3:53 pm
Psychopaths are attracted to positions of authority and power. You see it in politics and in law enforcement before they started instituting psych evals. The bigger the organization the more attractive it is to psychopaths. Unless the Catholics Church organization starts giving everyone psych evals and acting on the evals, nothing will improve. They will just get better at hiding the problem.
posted April 2, 2010 at 6:36 pm
You stated your case in a very unbiased and intelligent way, Gus. If “they” have anything against your argument it will be because of the reasons you’ve provided here, and not because they’re reacting with sanity themselves.
posted April 2, 2010 at 7:09 pm
I’m wondering if, or how much, monotheism plays a part here. I understand the “king” model of organization and power from the top. But some polytheistic pantheons also concentrate ultimate authority and power in a single deity, who serves as the “boss” deity.
I suspect that the hierarchy may be more telling than the theology. Paganism is somewhat more decentralized and egalitarian in organization. And Paganism tends to try to conceal the criminal and squicky about itself in different ways than likening pointing out stuff to anti-Semitism.
Most responses from the Catholic Church and it various spokespeople strike me as arising from affronted pride–or insulted hubris–or self serving narcissism–or whatever plunges even deeper and darker into the abyss than that!
posted April 2, 2010 at 8:12 pm
Pitch-
I think there is a reciprocal relation between how we conceive our deities and the kinds of societies we live in. Hunting and gathering societies tended not to have strong hierarchies, either in their conception of the spiritual world or their own practices. Agricultural societies generally had both – especially as they developed into states and empires.
Even so, Zeus was never the all powerful One – Demeter called him on his stuff over Persephone, for example. When Pagan societies thought about a single source, it was more like a monistic One than a despotic Boss.
Pagan societies were more than capable of developing despotisms – but their spiritual pantheons were not so much, and to my knowledge we had to wait for monopolistic monotheism to get anything resembling the Catholic Church. So I think my monotheistic point stands.
While from the outside the corruption in the Church’s hierarchies seems almost universal, I doubt that most of these predators started out that way. I think making one’s career within a big organization is corrupting as such.
posted April 2, 2010 at 8:49 pm
I think it’s partly monotheism and partly all big organisations. I think other things are involved as well, though.
One is having a celibate clergy. Now, I can see the argument for celibacy for solitary ascetics living in caves, or even monastic orders, but it’s asking for trouble insisting on it for anyone who wants to be a religious functionary. ISKCON had similar problems a few years ago, and South-East Asian Buddhism has constant sex scandals.
A second is the culture of secrecy. Protestant pastors and secular schoolteachers might be as prone to child sex abuse as Catholic priests (I doubt this), but the police would usually be called in those cases. Actually, there are some similarities with anti-Semitism here, but not in the way the priest argued; there was a case in London about 20 years ago in which Orthodox Jews who reported child sex abuse to the police were ostracised by their community for taking internal problems to the secular courts, and the community argued that it was suffering persecution. UK Muslim communities also routinely cover up this sort of thing.
Ratzinger is an absurdly easy target, almost a pantomime bogeyman. With the looks of a James Bond villain,and a Nazi past, and now with involvement in covering up child rape. I wonder whether this wiil mean the end of the Catholic Church as an influential force in Europe? Here’s hoping, anyway.
On a more wonkish level, I’m interested in what the legal approach should be. I suppose, as a head of state, the pope cannot be tried. Is he still a German citizen, or did he change his citizenship to Vaticanian (?) at some point? Could a declaration be made for his arrest if ever he crosses into Italy?
posted April 2, 2010 at 11:45 pm
I’ve just looked it up, and apparently the pope does have Vatican citizenship, and a Vatican passport, along with 557 other people. Isn’t the statehood of the Vatican a bit of a legal fiction, rather like geeks starting their own Internet-based kingdoms in their bedrooms, or those Australian gays who tried to declare independence for a gay kingdom on some inhabited island? Thoughts?
posted April 3, 2010 at 1:47 am
One of the root causes of the Vatican’s current difficulties is that for over a decade, under John Paul II, Cardinal Ratzinger, as head of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, made it his personal business to silence, suppress, and stifle any theologian who actually cared about social justice, while the church contented itself with finger-wagging lectures about how capitalism should be fairer. As a consequence, when the current scandal broke, the Roman Catholic Church had neither the moral nor the intellectual base from which to formulate an appropriate response. As a result, we’re seeing the current spate of lies, spin, deceit, belligerence, finger-pointing, blaming the victims, blaming the media, playing the victim card, and attempting to change the subject.
Interestingly, in a letter to Cardinal Ratzinger in 1988(!), Fr. Matthew Fox, O.F.P., compared the Roman Catholic Church to a dysfunctional family. Things have gotten worse since then. If you’re interested, you can read the letter at http://www.matthewfox.org/sys-tmpl/htmlpage12/
posted April 3, 2010 at 2:55 pm
Another thoughtful post.
“Power corrupts; absolute power corrupts absolutely.”
“Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Great men are almost always bad men.” -Lord Acton
“Unlimited power is apt to corrupt the minds of those who possess it” -William Pitt, the Elder, The Earl of Chatham and British Prime Minister from 1766 to 1778
posted April 4, 2010 at 12:25 pm
The church has made many mistakes throughout history…
We want to see immediate change, public apologies and compensation!
posted April 4, 2010 at 12:26 pm
Yeah, I see how you’re looking at the links between (Christian) monotheism and elaborating hierarchicalism. It doesn’t work out quite the same with a polythistic pantheon. It probably has to do with ultimate power-over moving down from a single and unquestionable source.
And the notion that there exists nothing outside–thus capable of disputing or resisting–the source of that power-over. The notion of, say, Papal infallibility, for instance.
What makes me twitch most, mentally, about all this abuse in the Catholic Church stuff is that I have come to find good understanding in the satirical and outrageous portryals of priests leading collared small boys on leashes as a matter of daily affairs seen in “South Park.”
posted April 5, 2010 at 2:36 am
I think its interesting that the Pope is also a head of state. The Vatican state that is. So if the head of a particular state has knowingly covered up crimes that makes him corrupt.
If the head of a state is corrupt and the authoritys of that state do not bring him to justice, then what role does the international community play?
As in the case of the Vatican, quite possibly as it turns out the majority of the state and all its authoritys are corrupt. So would the international community be justified in an invasion of the Vatican to arrest these fugitives?
I think it would be completely justified. Other nations have always found it justified to over throw a corrupt government and/or one that commits crimes against its own people. But in the case of the Vatican or the Pope more specifically, these crimes were commited in the jursidictions of other nations. This I percieve, makes the arrest of the Vaticans corrupted goverment even more justifible. That the crimes were commited against citizens of multiple nations.
posted April 5, 2010 at 4:01 am
Jacob: This comes back to what I was saying about the Vatican being a bizarre legal fiction – an “invasion” of the Vatican would require about a dozen Italian policemen.
Can any country declare international institutions within its borders to be independent states?
posted April 6, 2010 at 2:07 am
Regardless of the Vatican’s international status, the very idea that government and religious figures alike covered up the disgusting crimes that were perpetrated is mind-blowing. Factor into the mix that much of the information was actively suppressed, and you have an organization that intentionally withheld information that would have stopped abuses by what would have, at the time, been called rogue priests/bishops/etc. or what they actually are: sick pedophiles and vile abusers. The fact is, all the way to the top, these cases were ignored, glossed over, or buried, and more often than not the perpetrators were never punished.
When Pagans say they’re scared of hierarchy, I understand. However, as has been pointed out, many Pagans have more varied ways of governance within their Tradition or group(s) that make it far harder to cover up abuses. This is not to say abuses don’t happen, and believe me, I understand how smaller groups can be placed under tight control and subject those in them to abuse. However, the problems of the Catholic Church and its abuses don’t just range through its structure, but also those nations and governments that enabled their deceit.