Religion and the news
Here's a good one for the Get Religion gang. Jim Schutze of the Dallas Observer has an excellent column this week about the role that syncretist Latino-African religions play in the local crime scene -- this, off police in south...
Interestingly there was a similar piece in the German magazine "Spiegel" recently. Catholicism is, of course, more vulnerable to being syncretized by Afro-Cuban practices because of the Catholic belief in the Communion of Saints, which is not always well understood by undereducated and superstitious populations. But the Spiegel article noted that both Christianity (Pentecostal and Catholic) and Islam (which, of course, does not incorporate the ecclesiastical practices of Catholicism) were not making great headway in some parts of Africa where animism is still very prevalent. It also noted an African practitioner of animism who preached at a Pentecostal church in the morning and then served the needs of his animistic flock in the evening. For good pay, of course (he drove a nice car and had a nice watch). It's been stated before, but people who think this kind of spirituality is harmless are fooling themselves. In its extreme form if the blood of animals is considered powerful then it follows that human blood is even more so. Animism was and is still the belief of peoples who are living in another time and place.
There is no doubt that there is a short list of belief systems that are abhorrent to modern civilization. Few sane people will argue with that conclusion. The question still needs to be asked: did a bunch of criminals become attracted to one of those belief systems, or is there a culture that maintains those beliefs and acts as a renewing source of criminals? No one (worth listening to) looks at Branch Davidian or Jonestown and decides that there must be something wrong with Christianity. If we give any credence at all to scholars and practitioners who insist that their belief systems are being wrongly smeared, then we must allow them the same respect we give without thought to the vast majority of any religion who cannot avoid having members who are criminals or simply insane.
Franklin, I think one has to see the whole picture. Neither Jim Jones nor the Branch Davidians were "encultured" into a society the way that Voodoo is (I'm using the popular nomenclature). A belief system so encapsulated in fear is the perfect element for the criminal mind. The uneducated and superstitious are perfect prey. And what corporal and spiritual works of mercy to you see coming out of this system? Like the animists of old who felt they had to placate the gods of thunder and lightening, how far is a culture going to progress under this system ?
Christine, your point is eloquent. I don't claim much better understanding of Voudon (the label; Voodoo is the practice) than you show, so please don't take this as personally authoritative, but the Voudon I know would object strenuously to your phrasing of they had to placate the gods of thunder and lightening... Another way to look at it: pre-Christian Celtic culture had a ritualistic approach to judicial punishment, up to and including execution. You can call that ancient practice human sacrifice if you want, but modern Celtic Pagans would be thoroughly offended if you called them human sacrificers. Criminals who also happen to practice Voodoo are as unencultured as the two examples I gave. Voudon has no more emphasis on fear than Christianity with Satan and Hell. I suggest you become better familiar with the actual practice of a religion before you make assumptions about it based on the activities of criminals, as I would insist to anyone making similar statements about Christianity.
Good grief, my spelling has taken leave of me -- make that "inculturated" instead of "enculturated."
I just checked an online dictionary, and your original usage is correct; my "unencultured" should also be "unenculturatd". Ain't English wunnerful? ;)
Yup, english is shore wunnerful !! I should have used the more proper name of Voudon, of course. Voodoo does sound awfully Hollywoodish ! Absolutely, Franklin, my pagan German ancestors were just as concerned with the gods of war and thunder as are the practitioners of Voudon but I have to respectfully disagree with you in the connection with Christianity and the devil, etc. I am not claiming that criminal behavior is the *result* of animism (which is exactly what Voudon is) but that Voudon is a system that is easily manipulated by criminal elements. You need to talk to more missionaries who have worked in Africa to see the tremendous hold some of the village shamans have on their people. Have you seen any westerners paying the village shaman with a young girl for his services? It is very much fear driven. I posted elsewhere that my husband, a born skeptic if there ever was one, was briefly stationed in Haiti and what he saw there made his hair stand on end. Execution is not the same as human sacrifice. I am not the least bit sorry that the Aztec empire flamed out.
Sorry, didn't mean to leave out my name on the prior post. One final thought, Franklin. It is absolutely incompatible for a Christian minister of any kind to lead the dual life of the Pentecostal minister mentioned in the Spiegel article.
Christine, I am not claiming that criminal behavior is the *result* of animism (which is exactly what Voudon is) but that Voudon is a system that is easily manipulated by criminal elements. This is a point I can easily agree on, no hesitation. It's the following logic that has me, well, cautious here. I don't have Pagan ancestors (that I can easily trace); but, I am a modern Pagan. I've made it my business to be familiar at least on the talking points with as much of the very complex spectrum of modern Paganism as I can -- hence my caution about my knowledge of Voudon. I also have ready access to either practitioners or those who have studied the practices, so when I do speak on something it is with direct knowledge and neither anecdotal nor second-hand. It's also why I rarely make statements without caveat or qualification. Anyway, from my POV you are conflating cultural practices with religion. There are times and places where that conflation is appropriate, but like any criminal prosecution evidence and proof are necessary in each case. If you (general) can draw a direct correlation between a religion and criminal activity -- and it has happened in the US and elsewhere -- then action can and must be taken against that religious group. We talk about Branch Davidian and Jonestown because they are relevant to our majority-Christian society; I do not deny let alone condone that it happens in non-Christian societies. As a Pagan, I will admit to some paranoia here. It has always been a short jump from one group of criminals to branding an entire group by association or affiliation. From my POV, Christianity is just as vulnerable to criminal manipulation as any belief system, so this connection stops being the point at all: religion neither creates nor prevents criminal manipulation of the beliefs of people. It is the tool, the conduit, and its use in this fashion must not be an indictment of the belief system itself, unless it can be shown to have always been like that, or was created to be that way. You cannot say that about Voudon (or Asatru, or its predecessor Norse) any more than you can say it about Christianity. When a religion is used as a tool of power, all religions suffer. Read accounts of Celtic ritual slayings. The authors (the later Christian scholars, the Celts having been a mostly oral-tradition culture) did not hesitate to characterize them as human sacrifice. BTW, a fact about Aztec history came to light relatively recently: the Spaniards acquired allies in bringing the Aztecs down in large part because of their practice of human sacrifice. They took their victims in battle, wounding them but not killing them so that they could be used in the blood rituals later.
I have a couple of problems with the article. First, despite his dire tone the writer offers no prescription. I find all articles structured this way inherently dishonest. To be honest these sorts of chicken little arguments must include some statement of what the solution would look like.
This flaw makes these kinds of articles dangerous too. Because the unspoken/unwritten part is always horrible. Don't give me 2 pages of doom and expect me to believe your unmentioned solution does not somehow include the power of the state. Power that can one day be used against anybody at all. Secondly, the broad identification of these religions as animist is troubling. Animism is not in any way the problem here. All religions have members and leaders who are crazy, corrupt and/or criminal. This is not animist behavior, it's human behavior, just like Jonestown, 9/11 and Kahanist violence. To assert otherwise is condemn millions who follow Shinto or any number of animist religions where bits of people don't end up in pots.
The state needs to stay right away from religion, all religion, all ways. As a society we have many excellent and effective ways to deal with the crazy, corrupt and criminal. It is safer for everyone to leave it there. Mont D. Law
These faiths are like others in that they started out well and degenerated over time. And most of us really don't know enough about these faiths to comment on them intelligently.On one level these practices are proof that natural laws can be suspended and even changed. At the same time,I've noticed that in every country where santeria, condomble,vodoun, etc is heavily practiced there is entrencehed poverty and suffering;without fail.People negatively involved in these faiths are some of the most frightening people I've ever met in my life.And yet, not every practitioner is criminal or lives in or off of fear.
I wouldn't say they started off well.
Rod, it depends entirely on the temporal and cultural context. The rich West African traditions (which predate the Santeria and Voudon we are discussing) are remarkably rich and similar to North American traditions. What they evolved into is not an indictment of where they started. Indeed, Santeria and Voudon had a significant part of their development during the height of the slave trade. You cannot rationally blame the slave trade on them.
I wonder when there will be a similar look at the connection between Catholicism and organized crime, especially those organizations traditionally associated with the Italian-American community in this country.
RJohnson, I believe you will wonder in vain: the antecedents to La Cosa Nostra and the Mafia predate Christianity, and at no point have they (to my knowledge) used any sort of spiritual beliefs in the conduct of their "business".
It s not self-evident to people outside Christianity that ours is a religion of love and peace. I was watching an interesting panel discussion of James Carroll s Constantine s Sword. Cynthia Ozick was part of the panel and read a personal memoir of her childhood introduction to Christianity. She described being taken on a school visit to a Catholic church, and her terror at the crucifixes everywhere. She was afraid of the black-clad nuns, literally afraid for her life, because she knew that Christians killed Jews. What the cross meant to her was that Christians believed Jews had killed Jesus and thus deserved death. She read with deep feeling the words, How could Jesus be a lord of love? Jesus was the lord of murder, the murder of Jews.
That s not an isolated story. I ve heard the same thing from other Jews. A friend told me of a relative, a young Jewish boy who had been taken to visit a Catholic church and screamed in terror at the sight of the huge, naked, mutilated, bloody male body nailed up at the front of the church. He thought that he d be nailed to a cross too, if he stayed in this place. Two of my siblings left the Catholic church, and one of the reasons they gave was their childhood impression of having images of suffering and mutilation constantly presented to them for adoration. It didn t have that effect on me, but on reflection, I can see why they interpreted things that way. The Catholic religion did not shine by comparison with every indigenous religion it encountered. Here s a quote from The Last of the Incas, by Edward Hyams and George Ordish. Whereas the Inca Church was relatively humane in its practices, forcing no conversions, absorbing rather than suppressing alien cults, and practicing human sacrifice, if at all, then with such moderation that it certainly sacrificed fewer victims in a year than did the Church of England under the first Elizabeth, the Spanish Church was horrifyingly different. It forced conversions by torture and death, it suppressed alien cults with ruthlessness, and, in its numerous autos-da-fe, it practiced human sacrifice by means of burning, the most painful of deaths, on a vast scale. . . . [The Peruvians] were enslaved, tortured, and worked to death to provide the Europeans with gold. They were infected by the newcomers with tuberculosis, measles and smallpox. It must have seemed to these wretched people that they had fallen into the hands of all-powerful devils . . . . Which religious practice seems mild and benevolent, and which seems the work of devils can depend on where you re sitting. Nobody condones human sacrifice, yet where is the religion that hasn t practiced it at some time, in some form?
Actually, I'm not so sure that "execution is not the same as human sacrifice." A couple of boldly honest prosecutors have said that the death penalty should be retained even if we can be virtually certain it will result in the execution of an innocent person every now and then. What is that innocent person, if not a sacrifice for the purported benefit of the community? So who are we to judge the Santeros who occasionally sacrifice a chicken or two?
Marian, I hope you return to see this. I offer this as food for thought, as opposed to a direct rebuttal. In my experience, Christians' attitude to prayer is impersonal: they pray to God (in whatever form they find appropriate or needed) to intercede or grant, to bring solace or ease pain. The intended recipient of the results is not part of the prayer process itself, and does not even need to be aware of the prayer. In my experience, the Pagan (modern) equivalent -- sending good thoughts, performing rituals with intent (like lighting candles), solo and group meditations or healing circles -- almost never occurs without some form of request or consent from the intended recipient. It is the epitome of personal; it is akin to mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. We (being a Pagan myself) take it very seriously at all levels. I cannot, ethically or morally, accept a societal attitude that permits the death of an innocent person in the process of protecting me from criminal predators. I know this may seem easy to say, never having been in a life-threatening situation to match it, but I'd rather die at the hands of a person who law enforcement failed to put away than be responsible for the wrongful punishment of anyone. I not only not give my consent to such a "sacrifice", I actively oppose it. I recently sat on a jury for a rape trial. We were forced (I write deliberately) to find the defendant not guilty. We all knew he did something to that girl, in our hearts, but none of us could justify lying about reasonable doubt just to satisfy our hearts. Our only solace was in being able to label him not guilty instead of innocent, and of knowing that the girl's mother had long since barred him from any contact with any of her children. He is the mother's uncle. If we look at him as a statistic, then we are forced to recognize that I and my fellow jurors released soemone to free society who might harm another girl. Then again, he might not. If innocent until proven guilty is to have any meaning, then I did my duty as a juror, and I have the right to feel proud of that. It doesn't help me not feel like shit, but that's another subject altogether.
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