Converts to Islam
A decade ago, there were 300 converts to Islam annually in Germany. Last year, there were an estimated 4,000 conversions in Germany. And this is a problem: While religious leaders emphasize that most converts are law-abiding citizens who often promote...
"Why would young Europeans flock to Islam? Sociologically, I mean -- what is the reason?"
Could it be, at least in part, because modern Christianity, as practiced by George Bush, televangelists, and other Christian extremists is so shallow/offensive/irrelevant/morally bankrupt that these young Europeans turn to what they percieve as Christianity's nemesis?
"How can we possibly afford to be indifferent to that in a time of war with Islamic extremism?"
Because of arguments like this, which is structurally bankrupt logically to whatever conclusion one attempts to reach by it:
"If, as some outspoken anti[pro]-Islamist Muslims have charged, Islamists are[are not] taking over the institutions of Islamic life i America and [not] turning it to the Muslim Brotherhood's goals, then it seems to me that there is a strong likelihood that converts to Islam will[/will not] be educated in a [non-]militant, [non-]political, [non-]extremist Islam."
Not that we should be indifferent, just that sloppy, emotionally charged, logically bankrupt claims leave us less interested in such claims themselves and more interested in the extra-logical agendas of such claimants now suspect by such virtue of such behavior.
You already had an excellent thread on the MB--"What To Do About The Muslim Brotherhood"--going below, Rod, and yet it seems that you are the one who indifferently abandoned it to unanswered questions after only 11 comments.
Why did hundreds of thousands of young Europeans during the first half of the 20th century (many of them highly educated and wealthy) flock to Marxism-Leninism? Or National Socialism? Or Fascism? Or the anarchic cultural movement of 1968?
The great paradox of modern Western Civilization is that it regularly generates within itself an "Adversary Culture" -- including a small but ever-vocal minority that detests everything about the established order and grasps at any ideology that promises to overthrow it.
Militant Islam does not attract spiritual seekers who might otherwise turn Christian. It attracts nihilists who loathe the civilization they inhabit and yearn for its destruction. For some people, the green flag of Islam now fills the role once played by the hammer and sickle.
Where is the logical bankruptcy, Brad?
Premiss: Anti-terrorism experts worry about Islamic terrorists/extremists preying on the increasing number of converts to Islam and converting them to the cause.
Premiss: There are valid reasons to believe that the Muslim Brotherhood, an extremist organization, has moved to take over the institutions of Islam in America, in part to educate US Muslims in their own politicized form of Islamic orthodoxy, for the sake of overthrowing the US system and installing sharia.
Premiss: The NYPD just released a highly acclaimed counterterrorism report citing the radicalization of Muslims in this country as a threat that will probably be greater than that of al-Qaeda.
Conclusion: Authorities concerned about stopping Islamic terrorism in this country ought to thoroughly investigate the role that the Muslim Brotherhood and its extremist ideology is playing in American Islam and Islamic institutions.
---
Logical bankruptcy? Prove it.
"For some people, the green flag of Islam now fills the role once played by the hammer and sickle."
How true. We have a nice crop of Joe McCarthys and Roy Cohns sprouting up to compete with the new Muslims. If only modern Christianity could offer these people something of value...
McCarthyism is a charge nearly as empty as the "reductio ad Hitlerum".
The fact that some people today may use demogoguery against Islam and slur all Muslims doesn't change the underlying reality that much of Islam's appeal in the modern West is to people who are already deeply alienated from society. In the U.S., incarcerated violent felons make up a significant proportion of the converts to Islam, offering them the message that their plight is the result of injustice by the infidel and that they must strengthen themselves for the war against the dar-el-harb.
One, materialism cannot satisfy the longings of the soul.
That may be true, but are you really suggesting that most converts are drawn to Islam for its spirituality? Where is the evidence for that?
I agree with Simon's point about an "Adversary Culture". This culture wants the dominant culture destroyed because it believes it cannot realize enough of its material benefits, and better for all to go down than for a few to have an unequal status. Islam offers equal slavery for all (except the caliphs of course).
John Walker Lindh, the "American Taliban" is another case the illustrates the appeal of Islam in the West. Raised in what can at best be described as a nominal or tepidly Catholic home, he found himself as a teenager addicted to death metal music and bitter beyond all imagination after his father abandoned the family to take up with a homosexual lover. The kid, not without reason, hated the world.
And then along came a radical strain of Islam that did NOT say, "forgive those who cause you to suffer," or "fight the evil within yourself" or "love your neighbor despite and even because of his faults." But something more like this: "Your problems are the result of an unjust, Godless society. Join us and fight it."
"Logical bankruptcy? Prove it."
First of all, the notion that this is "a time of war with Islamic extremism" is just bellicose rhetoric. There are undoubtedly lots more like Rod Dreher who fancy themselves at war with all sorts of things real and imagined, but there is no official, binding declaration of war with Islamic extremism, nor will there ever be.
And would it be illegal or unconstitional for Islamic extremists, or Druids, banjo dealers or any other classification of US citizen to exercise their rights to free speech in a non-violent manner?
And there is ample evidence that there are extremists of all stripes in the US. If we're going to investigate one group, we should investigate all of them.
You should consider that your one-note wolf tone for Islam goes a long way in fostering the indifference that irks you so.
I agree with Simon's point about an "Adversary Culture". This culture wants the dominant culture destroyed because it believes it cannot realize enough of its material benefits, and better for all to go down than for a few to have an unequal status.
I don't think the "Adversary Culture" is mainly a product of society's have-nots. It's found at least as often among the highly educated and affluent. Subverting or destroying the society established around you appeals to those who are emotionally deeply resentful for many reasons. Lack of material wealth isn't often one of them. Lack of a positive father-figure in their lives is much more significant.
Where is the logical bankruptcy, Brad?
Premiss: Anti-terrorism experts worry about Islamic terrorists/extremists preying on the increasing number of converts to Islam and converting them to the cause.
Premiss: There are valid reasons to believe that the Muslim Brotherhood, an extremist organization, has moved to take over the institutions of Islam in America, in part to educate US Muslims in their own politicized form of Islamic orthodoxy, for the sake of overthrowing the US system and installing sharia.
Premiss: The NYPD just released a highly acclaimed counterterrorism report citing the radicalization of Muslims in this country as a threat that will probably be greater than that of al-Qaeda.
Conclusion: Authorities concerned about stopping Islamic terrorism in this country ought to thoroughly investigate the role that the Muslim Brotherhood and its extremist ideology is playing in American Islam and Islamic institutions.
---
Logical bankruptcy? Prove it.
The logical bankruptcy is that there is never any "strong likelihood"--your statement that I specifically cited by quote, which you understandably abandoned defense of in exchange for the alternate conclusion you replaced it with, above--of a general condition necessarily obtaining from a particular.
As I mentioned, it would be equally logically bankrupt to claim the opposite, that particular peaceful or moderate elements would necessarily lead to a "strong likelihood" of a general peaceful or moderate outcome.
BTW, it's "premise". ;-)
The phenomenon you cite in Europe seems to me to speak more to the worldwide phenomenon underway for some decades now of a flight from the anomie and nihilism of post-Christian, post-modern civilization into more defining fundamentalist religions and ideologies across the board. Certainly it describes your own religious pilgrimage as well as it does any German converting to Islam, as well as describing many non-religious journeys as well.
On the other hand, it doesn't describe the opposite experimentation of the previously rigorously defined youth that is occurring simultaneously, say, Chinese, or Muslim youth that, with the opportunity to escape their prior limitations, are sampling and indulging themselves in personal liberties and materialism to the extent they can.
In all cases, I think you really are seeing Rieff's "triumph of the therapeutic" across the spectrum of transitory individual religious and ideological personal choices, fundamentalist and contra-fundamentalist alike.
The dangerousness or peacefulness of any of them is a function of what any individual or group of individuals actually do with them, and we should be alert to danger from whatever quarter it may come.
How true. We have a nice crop of Joe McCarthys and Roy Cohns sprouting up to compete with the new Muslims.
The fact that McCarthy and Cohn were amoral goons didn't mean that (1) the Soviet Union wasn't an existential threat to the West and (2) that there were plenty of Americans happy to carry water for the USSR, for a variety of motives.
I do not think that political Islam is an existential threat at this moment, but lobbing "McCarthyism" into the mix is well-poisoning. This is a discussion that has to occur, calmly and without syrupy platitudes and bogeymen.
"wereN'T plenty of Americans..."
Ugh. Caffeine--stat.
And, once again from the "What To Do About The Muslim Brotherhood?" thread below:
Rod, I'm still interested in what further light you might be able to shed on the Bryant complaint, from having fully or partially covered the trial as Myers suggested, or otherwise.
Posted by: Brad | September 20, 2007 9:35 AM
Not all of us attended the HLF trial as you may or may not have, and not all of us have sources as you as a journalist may or may not have to amplify the facts surrounding the Bryant complaint.
You want us to focus on the MB and the trial: okay, we're focussed. Now, in addition to the procedural flood of evidence problems the government may have entangled itself in with the jury you've complained about on your DMN blog (read Rod's DMN blog), there is potential additional evidence the government may have deliberately attempted to stymie legitimate efforts by the HLF to conform itself to the law.
If the MB is the real threat you claim it is, any weaknesses on our side that contribute to that threat by damaging legal action we may legitimately be able to bring against them need to be determined and corrected.
If you don't know anything about the Bryant complaint, that's fine, just say so.
"I do not think that political Islam is an existential threat at this moment"
Then you disagree with our platitude dispensing host, Mr. Dreher when he says that this is "a time of war with Islamic extremism."
But even Mr. Dreher agrees that McCarthy went too far, and Mr. Dreher is the one demanding congressional hearings. I wonder if Mr. Dreher will still be as sanguine about these hearings if they were to reveal the complex relationship between political Islam, political Zionism and US corporate imperialism?
>>Why would young Europeans flock to Islam?
4000 conversions is a flock? And not all of those 4000 are young people, are they?
>>Sociologically, I mean -- what is the reason?
Might it not be as simple as that in a population of 82,431,390 (July 2005 est.) 0.005% of that group are likely to do something wacky?
Take a look at that number again zero point zero zero five. That's what you are getting worked up about.
>>>Secularist atheism cannot sustain most people.
If you say so, it sustains me just fine, what's wrong with the rest of you guys? ;-)
John E.
Why sure you can sustain yourself on secular atheism just like a person could sustain themselves on rice gruel fortified with protein powder.
I prefer to sustain myself on a full course feast with dessert afterwards, but hey, if you prefer rice gruel, that's your right ;-)
Will: You should consider that your one-note wolf tone for Islam goes a long way in fostering the indifference that irks you so.
Considering that despite 9/11, despite the Madrid attacks, despite Bali, despite London, and so forth, you still deny that radical Islam is at war with us, I don't have any faith that anything will shake your indifference. It's not you I'm talking to, Dr. Chomsky.
Brad, first off, "premiss" is an acceptable spelling when one is talking about formal logic. It was the usual spelling in my logic class. FYI.
You ignored my condition -- that IF it's true that the Muslim Brotherhood is trying to gain control of Muslim institutions in the US, for purposes of making sure that its version of Islam is the normative one, THEN there is a "strong likelihood" that converts will be instructed in the Ikhwan's militant version of Islam. Where is the illogic there?
What I don't understand is why so many liberals are willing to give a free pass to a religion that, if it treated Blacks the way it treats its women, and if it prevented free speech the way it prevents Christian religious activity (but, surprise! surprise! it DOES prohibit free speech; just as any cartoonist or movie maker), would have them up in arms.
I don't know that I disagree all that much with our host. You can have a war--even a major one, without it being a battle for national existence. See, e.g., the US in WWI. I certainly agree that we are at war with certain types of radical/political Islam/Islamism. In time, it could become existential.
More to the point, I have little respect for attempts to shut down an important discussion with a stinkbomb like "McCarthyism."
Finally, it's definitely anecdotal, but I find myself running into a growing number of people of otherwise liberal, anti-Iraq War, anti-GWB beliefs whose patience with Islamic movements in America is waning fast. From what I can tell, the term "Islam" conjures up a lot of feelings, but "indifference" is on the wane.
"What I don't understand is why so many liberals are willing to give a free pass to a religion that, if it treated Blacks the way it treats its women, and if it prevented free speech the way it prevents Christian religious activity (but, surprise! surprise! it DOES prohibit free speech; just as any cartoonist or movie maker), would have them up in arms."
Who is giving it a free pass? Just because we don't believe that people should automatically be deported, denied immigration, or hauled in front of Congress we are giving it a "free pass?"
Secondly, while some radical interpretations of Islam treat women abominably, there is no general standard. In many ways, the treatment of Muslim women in Europe and the U.S. is not that far removed from the treatment of women by other orthodox and conservative religious groups. All deny women the ability to be clerics, many have modesty standards, many have similar views of men being the primary authority.
>>>
I prefer to sustain myself on a full course feast with dessert afterwards, but hey, if you prefer rice gruel, that's your right ;-)
Posted by: Anglican Peggy | September 20, 2007 2:48 PM
>>>
You'll get pretty flabby on too much of that diet...
"You ignored my condition -- that IF it's true that the Muslim Brotherhood is trying to gain control of Muslim institutions in the US, for purposes of making sure that its version of Islam is the normative one, THEN there is a "strong likelihood" that converts will be instructed in the Ikhwan's militant version of Islam. Where is the illogic there?"
Let me go back to your original statement, because it makes your case stronger than either of your subsequent variations from it:
"If, as some outspoken anti-Islamist Muslims have charged, Islamists are taking over the institutions of Islamic life i America and turning it to the Muslim Brotherhood's goals, then it seems to me that there is a strong likelihood that converts to Islam will be educated in a militant, political, extremist Islam."
You're right; I concede, I ignored the pivotal conditional: your conclusion does derive tautologically and inescapably from its premise: if "there is a strong likelihood that converts to Islam will be educated in a militant, political, extremist Islam" (or why else would the MB be of concern?), then "there is a strong likelihood that converts to Islam will be educated in a militant, political, extremist Islam."
Anyway, since you've established yourself in the blogosphere as one of the go-to journalistic voices on the threat from the MB, to the extent as well that Myers, at least, promulgates the notion that you covered the HLF trial, I still would like to know what further details on the Bryant complaint you can provide us given your established expertise in this area.
You're a journalist; you work for the only daily paper in the metropolitan area in which the MB is actually being implicated in a legal trial involving Islamic institutions; you're so attuned to the MB threat you're comfortable sounding your own alarm about the threat unequivocally to others. Surely you actually attended this pivotal trial to further educate yourself at the factual level.
There's no gotcha involved, the DMN account by Jason Trahan simply was minimal at best. I'm not looking for a predetermined answer, just any further info on that aspect by the peer acknowledged expert in the actual MB threat in the U.S. you would appear to be.
"This is a discussion that has to occur, calmly and without syrupy platitudes and bogeymen."
This discussion began on a high note with syrupy platitudes and bogeymen. I don't expect that to change. There's a lot of emotion on this topic.
If you don't see the parallels between the kind of congressional hearing Rod Dreher is calling for and McCarthyism you're just not paying attention.
But on second thought, let's have those hearings after all. Maybe that's just what we need to start a real national debate about Christians, Jews, Muslims, the illegal occupation of Palestine, peak oil and the whole nine yards. I think the truth that would come from these hearings would be just as embarrassing for Christians and Jews as it would Muslims. Bring it on!
Maybe those hearings on CSPAN would be just the thing to get the American psyche out of the tabloid trash of Britney and OJ and into something important for a change.
And yes, these hearings will not be calm, there will be syrup and platitudes galore from all sides. But maybe this is exactly the reality circus we need, with the backdrop of the US Congress to lend what little gravitas it still has to the process.
Yeah, bring it on. Good idea, Rod.
>>>
What I don't understand is why so many liberals are willing to give a free pass to a religion that, if it treated Blacks the way it treats its women, and if it prevented free speech the way it prevents Christian religious activity (but, surprise! surprise! it DOES prohibit free speech; just as any cartoonist or movie maker), would have them up in arms.
Posted by: islamofascism | September 20, 2007 3:13 PM
>>>
In the United States, our laws prevent "Islam" from treating women badly, supressing free speech, supressing Christianity, and supressing free speech.
What goes on in other coutries is not my immediate concern. If Muslims in the US obey the law, I have no reason to poke my nose into their beliefs.
"If you don't see the parallels between the kind of congressional hearing Rod Dreher is calling for and McCarthyism you're just not paying attention."
Will, those practical calls for congressional hearings and RICO pursuits were hastily abandoned in the rapidly receding "What To Do About The Muslim Brotherhood?" thread, no doubt because of the actual, practical legal problems involved, in favor of the more perpetuable abstract rhetoric here.
"Will, those practical calls for congressional hearings and RICO pursuits were hastily abandoned in the rapidly receding "What To Do About The Muslim Brotherhood?" thread, no doubt because of the actual, practical legal problems involved, in favor of the more perpetuable abstract rhetoric here."
Yes, I think my enthusiam for Rod's hearings is similar to my enthusiasm for the draft.Generally speaking, I'm opposed to both ideas, but implementing these ideas would, I believe, actually acheive two positive goals, and that is a hastier withdrawal from Iraq and a better understanding of the "war" between the US and Islam.
Public hearings on Islam and bringing back the draft would focus public attention on two very sensitive topics, that, like you say, are stuck in perpetual absract rhetoric. We're amusing ourselves to death.
Again, the main problem with the McCarthyism trope is that, regardless of the criminality of Tailgunner Joe, America did have Communist enemies who sought to harm the nation, and too many Americans happy to be their foot soldiers and water carriers. Just because an unscrupulous a-hole is making political hay doesn't mean there isn't an underlying problem.
Congressional hearings do not equal McCarthyism. They don't even equal HUAC. It might be better to have the occasional one beforehand rather than another post-mortem "How did that happen again?" Commission.
Though I don't think there will be many takers for Joint Congressional Committee to Investigate The Judeo-Muslim-Evangelical-MegaCorp-And Colonel Sanders Before He Went Teats Up-Axis.
"and too many Americans happy to be their foot soldiers and water carriers."
Actually, history doesn't prove that at all. The McCarthy commie hunts and rest of the red-scare era produced very few people who were actual threats, and arguably the terror of the red-scare mongers was more pervasive a threat than actual Communists.
Alger Hiss, Julius Rosenberg, Harry Dexter White, and, if the Venona decrypts give us a full picture, at least 346 others. I guess it depends on how you define "very few" and "actual threats."
"Again, the main problem with the McCarthyism trope is that, regardless of the criminality of Tailgunner Joe, America did have Communist enemies who sought to harm the nation...Congressional hearings do not equal McCarthyism."
OK, let's not quibble over terminolgy. Bring on the hearings. Let the truth be known.
Getting back to the Germans converting to Islam, do we have any breakdown of the stats by sex? How many of these converts relative to the whole are self supporting adult women who are not choosing Islam just to please a man friend? True conversions.
Simon wrote: "And then along came a radical strain of Islam that did NOT say, "forgive those who cause you to suffer," or "fight the evil within yourself" or "love your neighbor despite and even because of his faults."
Which is preferable, a religion which does not say "love your neighbor..." or a religion which does say "love your neigbor" and yet its powerful, influential practitioners willfully ignore those teachings when it suits their political goals?
Brad asked Rod, for the second or third time, "...you're so attuned to the MB threat you're comfortable sounding your own alarm about the threat unequivocally to others. Surely you actually attended this pivotal trial to further educate yourself at the factual level."
Eye witnesses on the street in front of Earle Cabell and in the courtroom have told me Rod Dreher has not been in attendance.
I have also learned from some "unindicted co-conspirators" that Rod was surprisingly taciturn when these UCC spoke to the DMN op-ed staff. Apparently Rod was given multiple opportunities to question these UCC face-to-face and yet said nothing.
It is rather strange, with the Belo building just a short walk from the Earle Cabell Federal Building, that our Crunchy Con would not take the time to actually investigate the group of people he is trying to smear. Rod apparently feels much safer casting his stones from behind the walls of Belo Manor.
Apparently Rod was given multiple opportunities to question these UCC face-to-face and yet said nothing.
Are you talking about this meeting?
http://dallasmorningviews.beloblog.com/archives/2006/12/muslim_meeting.html
Rod asked quite a few questions during the meeting.
Based on your mistaken contacts for this meeting, I don't have much faith in your contacts at the trial. Anyways, do you have to be physically at the trial to know what is happening? Plus, this is the age of the internet where you can collect a lot of information without ever being physically there.
This looks more like you can't discredit the message, therefore you have to discredit the messenger.
"Anyways, do you have to be physically at the trial to know what is happening? Plus, this is the age of the internet where you can collect a lot of information without ever being physically there."
Brad, it looks like we have your answer.
Which is preferable, a religion which does not say "love your neighbor..." or a religion which does say "love your neigbor" and yet its powerful, influential practitioners willfully ignore those teachings when it suits their political goals?
The latter, of course. Because that one, at least, entails a conscience that can reprove those who go astray, rather than doctrines that affirm evil-doing and cheer it on.
By the way, I was referring to a particular strain of Islam, the Salafists. Just wanted to note that before the Tolerance Police show up.
In all fairness, I was only interested (still am) in the Bryant complaint, and in any event Rod's career as a pundit is one charged with providing opinion and perspective, not that of a journalist charged with consistently reporting facts in pursuit of objective truth.
"By the way, I was referring to a particular strain of Islam, the Salafists"
And for the record, I was referring to a particular strain of Christianity, the CINO, or Christian in Name Only.
Simon, you said above (near the top):
"Why did hundreds of thousands of young Europeans during the first half of the 20th century (many of them highly educated and wealthy) flock to Marxism-Leninism? Or National Socialism? Or Fascism? Or the anarchic cultural movement of 1968?
The great paradox of modern Western Civilization is that it regularly generates within itself an "Adversary Culture" -- including a small but ever-vocal minority that detests everything about the established order and grasps at any ideology that promises to overthrow it."
This is exactly the point made by Paul Berman in his excellent book, "Terror and Liberalism." I was very tiresome about Berman (because his book is so darned good) for a while, but haven't mentioned him for a few weeks. As he put it, the totalitarian movements of the past century were always in revolt against liberalism, because of the failures of liberalism to address many human needs and desires.
Again as Berman puts it so well, many of these movements started out to be quite idealistic, and sanctioned violence in the name of those ideals, butquickly led from "deaths that made some sense to deaths that made no sense at all." In other words, revolutionary idealism inevitably led to nihilism, murder and suicide.
If I can just add, that's why I've become a counter-revolutionary in my old age.
"In other words, revolutionary idealism inevitably led to nihilism, murder and suicide."
Would you say that the revolutionary idealism of Patrick Henry, BEn Franklin, et al, inevitably led to Blackwater?
I guess I should qualify what I was saying, Will. Revolutionary idealism in pursuit of a utopian goal has a way of curdling into something much worse than the disease it was attempting to cure. Especially when it proposes a total cure for the ills of liberal society.
I would say that the Founding Fathers of the U.S. were much more pragmatic. "Let us all hang together so that we do not hang separately."
"Getting back to the Germans converting to Islam, do we have any breakdown of the stats by sex? How many of these converts relative to the whole are self supporting adult women who are not choosing Islam just to please a man friend? True conversions."
Ingrid Mattson, a convert to Islam from Catholicism and an Islamic law scholar at Hartford Seminary in Connecticut, was recently elected to lead the Islamic Society of North America.
Mr Dreher, you pinned it in your first comments. When the faith you are raised in is merely nominal, you have no firm attachment to it. Along comes a living breathing faith. One might say, ANY living breathing faith. Your spiritual thirst makes itself known, and you may well follow it to conversion. For Islam is a living breathing faith. Like its precedents Judaism and Christianity, it is concerned with justice and with achieving spiritual growth. There is beauty in its daily practices, in its intellectual traditions, the sung/chanted prayers, the scripture, the religious calendar year. There is community among its adherants. Indeed if you know any actual Muslims, it is its adherants which make it most attractive, above and beyond the religious practice itself.
I first came into contact with Islam at language school in the Army as a 21-year-old. I was deeply affected by the faith as it is lived by ordinary men and women, and by what I saw of its practice among them. I was born with a longing for God. If I had not been raised and educated by such strong Christians who observed a living faith, this might have been my first contact with one. And I might have "converted," if you can call it that when the convert comes from only a nominal faith identity. A few of my fellow trainees did, and they are probably the strongest linguists and cultural liasions we have. I am not surprised that the faith is catching like wildfire in some areas of Europe.
One could only wish ours held a similar attraction for the youth of the continent.
I am quoting this from your article "Of course not all converts are problematic, but some are particularly dangerous because they want to demonstrate through extreme fanaticism that they are particularly good Muslims," Guenther Beckstein, interior minister for the state of Bavaria, said last week...."
I just want to correct your statement, being a good Muslim does not mean you should be extremly fanatic.. There are millions of Muslims who denounce extremists.. and this is the teaching of Islam..
Regards,
Mohamed Hashim
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