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Scot McKnight is a widely-recognized authority on the New Testament, early Christianity, and the historical Jesus. He is the Karl A. Olsson Professor in Religious Studies at North Park University (Chicago, Illinois). A popular and witty speaker, Dr. McKnight has given interviews on radios across the nation, has appeared on television, and is regularly asked to speak in local churches and educational events. Dr. McKnight obtained his Ph.D. at the University of Nottingham (1986). Click to continue reading Scot McKnight's Bio...
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RJS, I wonder if we could ask another question for the readers:
Where are you seeing dualism in Christian worship, in spirituality and in discipleship? What does dualism look like?
"Fasting is not a way to get something from God - nor is it a means to battle the (worldly) body."
I don't think we can underestimate the impact of the common use and interpretation of the term "flesh", as used by Paul. Many, especially within Christianity, will think of the body in negative terms, due to the contemporary use and emphasis on "flesh".
To overcome dualism, that perception and understanding needs to change, which would also mean dealing with some difficult questions.
For example, looking at the Sermon on the Mount, at what point does anger become sin? When does observing become lust? When does eating become gluttony? Envy? etc...
The teachings of "self-control", as stated by Paul and in 1 Peter, become key.
In regards to worship, the incense smell I remember in my childhood was overpowering at times, but I do miss that (or any) odor in contemporary worship.
Peeling Dragon Skin
Excellent post. I have thought a lot about many of these issues, and have many thoughts- too many. I will focus for now on one.
You said:
"Because we are organic unities worship should be a polyphonic whole body experience - praise and awe, repentance and submission. There is a time to stand with hands raised and a time to kneel before the Lord."
The primary word for "worship" is proskuneo. This is generally translated as "worship" or "bow down." These translations miss the fact that it inherently includes both: bowing down, kneeling, kneeling with face down, or prostration, and 2. homage, worship or supplication. How can you adequately translate this into English?
Most Evangelical worship services include no bowing or kneeling, except perhaps of the head. Liturgical churches at least kneel in confession.
Is bowing and kneeling normative for us? Or is it just descriptive? Was it just the cultural practice of that time, and are we free to stop doing it?
I think it is normative (but when and how and how often are open questions). When I bow down with my face to the ground, something spiritual happens.
RJS, I would love to hear more about the scientific evidence of how bodily posture affects mental processes and emotions.
Rick #2 -
Amen, brother... Amen! I like the way Frost and Hirsch talk about "Messainic Spirituality" in their book "The Shape of Things to Come" Their claim is that Jesus did not spiritualize, internalize, privatize, or individualize the gospel. Rather he sought to embody true spirituality in the world. This is why we are taught to pray "Your will be done on earth as it is in Heaven". We are not just praying to be pious people who pray a lot. We are praying that God's will be done on earth!
RJS,
Once again, a very interesting question/post.
I've been thinking about fasting as an act of grieving over sin (James 4:8-9). Indeed, among the Jewish people, acts of grieving over death and sin looked very much the same: disheveled hair, torn clothes, fasting, weeping.
Sometimes, I need to feel like I'm grieving over sin (mine and ours). Fasting helps me do that. It's not asceticism (I'm not trying to purify my soul). It's not pious deprivation (I'm not trying to prove anything to anyone). I simply need to grieve.
Rodney,
I think that is exactly right - sometimes we need to grieve, over personal sin and over corporate sin. Scot's book on fasting is quite good here - it provides an interesting way to think about fasting. But the ideas should go beyond this - to encompass everything we do as individual Christians and as a part of the Church.
I actually think that this idea - embraced in agreement with biblical teaching - would revolutionize our church.
I wholeheartedly agree with this:
"worship should be a polyphonic whole body experience - praise and awe, repentance and submission. There is a time to stand with hands raised and a time to kneel before the Lord. In music we should use the entire dynamic range (not just "loud") and variety of forms - from rock band to organ to a cappella to hand bells."
As fasting is a natural bodily reaction to reality, so too is weeping, or standing to cheer. In my experience, the common church culture is a mix of ignorance and fear when it comes to our bodies and our emotions. I think a lot of the excesses in charismatic church practice, both real and imagined, have to do with our nervousness/disdain/ignorance of how to use our body or emotions in worship, and the unavoidable over-corrections that come when trying to overcome these dualisms. We've got to lighten up about emotional expression. It's not the end-all, be-all, for good or for ill; it's just human.
Sorry, 7 is me. The captcha erased my name.
How should we respond to the practical criticism that fasting is not healthy? We now know that it is not good for the body to skip entire meals or go 24 hours without eating.
"there is a duality about humans, but there is not a dualism. We are one person with an inner and outer dimension, but we are not comprised of two parts." As I've said elsewhere, this reminds me of Plato's strict dualism ("I am soul. I have a body") vis-a-vis Aristotle's integrated dualism ("I am a soul with a body"). Both fall short of the duality of which Scott speaks, but Aristotle comes closer than Plato.
Sadly today, many if not most (in America at least) treat the body as an organ for pleasure. It's to be used merely as a mechanism unto the sensate side of existence without respect to any sacred means. Instead, our physical existence is an instrument through which the disciplines of virtue are to be exercised. I believe Dallas Willard has spoken a great deal about this and J. P. Moreland as well.
Thus we must care for the whole person in salvation and in sanctification and the Church would do well to design discipleship programs that include the body too. For example, obedience is not only a heart condition but a bodily one. What we do with our eyes and hands matters.
Brian (9),
I think part of the response to that is that there are times in which extremes such as fasting (or feasting) are an appropriate response to some of the larger issues of life. Eating a fattened calf (or some other rich food) for example has some healthy and some unhealthy aspects to it, but there are times when it is an appropriate response, all things considered, even if it would be a harmful norm.
Scot,
This has gotten little comment today - not sufficiently controversial I guess.
But I think that it should be controversial - because your question about dualism really nails it. And the question I closed with should start everyone thinking (although I must have put it poorly).
I think we see dualism in truncated gospel, emphasis on show, consumer church, lack of concern over transformation (because "salvation" is all that really matters and is separable from transformation) and I could go on.
I too am sorry there was not more discussion. I love this topic. I guess no one raised a topic in a comment that grabbed anyone else.
I think that there is a tendency in Protestantism to focus on the heart and mind alone, and think that bodily acts like kneeling don't matter and are associated with Catholic ritualism. I think is important to think through these things well.
RJS,
I would still love to hear how you and/or Scot think about the problem of translating "proskuneo."
pds,
On this one - we'll have to wait for Scot to have time to comment. I haven't the expertise.
I like the concept of the the body speaking for the spirit, but how does that mesh with Jesus' commands about fasting, where he told his listeners to oil their hair, and keep their appearance tidy, so that they were not putting on a display?
He was, no doubt, curbing excess and speaking to those who were simply putting on a show for the sake of other's opinions of them - but his comments would also apply to one who was genuinely fasting would they not?
Phil,
It seems that he was speaking to everyone: the fast is between you and God. It is not to show of how religious you are.
I think even in this discussion, the dualism between "body and mind" however phrased (eg heart, mind, emotional, rational) is so ingrained in us that we have a difficult time staying out of that pit. I wish I could think of something controversial to say so that this post gets more contributors but I can't. I just know one thing: the benefits of fasting only become apparent while fasting. We can read all about it or listen to others who fast but there is only one way to know.
Brian @9: I'm not sure where you got the idea that fasting is bad for you. If you are pregnant, have diabetes, or some other medical condition that precludes fasting, then yes, it can be bad. Otherwise, there are certain health benefits. But that's not why we fast now is it?
Phil M,
It seems to me - although perhaps someone will offer other insight - that Jesus was not speaking against fasting, praying, or giving to the poor in the Sermon on the Mount. I don't even think that he was commanding all prayer, fasting, or giving to the poor need be "secret" - certainly we don't take prayer as a strictly private activity. The church has also practiced community fasts at set times throughout history.
In the context of the entire NT and other comments on these issues it seems as though he is speaking of motivation and hypocrisy - not other aspects of practice.
Has someone already mentioned that the first couple chapters of Willard's Spirit of the Disciplines has some profound things to say about this topic? It is also very rewarding reading.
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