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I spoke to John Hillcoat, director of the apocalyptic new film, "The Road," based on the novel by Cormac McCarthy. We do not know what caused the cataclysmic damage that has wiped out most forms of life on earth and left everything covered in ash. All we know is that there is a father (Viggo Mortensen) trying to protect his young son (Kodi Smit-McPhee) from the physical and spiritual consequences of the devastation.

NM: Do you see this as a spiritual film?

JH: It can definitely be read that way. Yes, absolutely. I never wanted to be heavy-handed about the approach. I wanted it to be open to interpretation according to your own belief systems. It's certainly got a kind of ancient, Biblical parable feeling to it. There's a morality tale there. But in terms of essence of humanity, that's really brought to the fore because everything's stripped bare. There's nowhere to hide. So it definitely has those dimensions to it. There are many spiritual aspects, but the whole idea of carrying the fire is an ancient one.

NM: I do not diminish the power of the film at all when I say that it seems like an exaggerated version of what every parent goes through in trying to both protect the children and give them the survival skills they will need when we are not here to protect them.

JH: Yes, absolutely. Knowing Cormac and his son, he calls him "Papa," like the boy in the story. It's obviously a personal work and that personal relationship is definitely embedded into the text and that's also why it strikes such a deep cord, even thought it is set into such an extreme scenario. There's a truth to it.

NM: For me, one of the most wrenching scenes in the film is when they return to the house the father grew up in, and it is only there that the father truly realizes that his son has no frame of reference to understand what life was like.

JH: Where does he learn? How does he become this amazing being? It's like a scientific experiment. That drive to keep going and the hope they create in this idea of going to the coast. Every parent starts from scratch, but this story just makes that more stark. Ultimately, the boy becomes the teacher. That is something all parents see.

NM: I was very surprised to find Guy Pearce and Robert Duvall in the film. I did not recognize them at first.

JH: We tried to quite change their appearance quite a lot.

NM: The New York Times said that Kodi Smit-McPhee, the now-twelve-year-old who plays the boy, was so shocked by the cold water he was dunked in that he began to sob for real, but that he kept acting and you did not know how distressed he was until the scene was over. Is that true?

JH: Yes. It was actually a real turning point, early on in the shoot. My job was also to protect the boy. But Kodi was such a consummate professional. He didn't tell anyone how cold he was. And afterward, we had an understanding that if there was any time that he felt real uncomfort that he's got to tell us. He was so determined to get the best for everyone and the best from him as a performance. The most incredible thing was his maturity; he really understood what the story was about, what each scene was about. His instincts were razor-sharp. And yet, as soon as we stopped filming, he became this kid, joking around, playing. And we really encouraged that.

With that scene, I was about to call cut, and then I heard the dialogue, and everyone's glancing around at each other, and we see that Viggo is actually responding totally. It's this incredible thing of being real, Viggo's concern for Kodi, and playing their parts. That was a great gift and I wouldn't mess with that. Luckily, we shot it on two cameras, so that was it. And when we were done, Viggo kept holding Kodi. None of us had put two and two together to realize why he was so upset. I had spoke to him about coming out of shock. Kodi's father was there; he played one of the cannibals. Viggo started to hand Kodi over to them but he stepped away. Kodi knew he was there but he and Viggo from that day had this incredible bond.

NM: Tell me how you achieved the look of the film. It is so bleak and stark and powerful.

JH: The spark for that came when I read the book. I was always trying to be true to the spirit of the book. Usually the post-apocalyptic films are about the big event and they feel so much like a spectacle and there's no real human dimension or spiritual dimension or any other dimension really other than the roller coaster ride. So it was that feeling of authenticity, really simple things like pushing the shopping trolley with all your possessions in it. That's the homeless in every city. And the dirty ski jackets. So it felt familiar. It's almost like I've seen this before, not as a vision or a premonition, but we've actually witnessed these elements, just not on a local scale. That is what led us to those locations, and the locations were the key to the look. The bulk of what we got was in camera. We filmed in the winter in places like Pennsylvania like where all the mining leftovers are, the ash piles in the winter time. Where are the trees are bare of leaves. We had the aging and the muted colors of the wardrobe. There's a strange beauty in these desolate locations. Then it also gave a real poignancy to working in a place like New Orleans, where the post-Katrina clean-up was still happening. When half your crew has lived through that, it really added focus. It also became something that the actors could really react off of, so it was like there was a third character working with Kodi and Viggo the whole time. We went to Mount St. Helens. We went to Oregon, the gray beaches. It was a patchwork tapestry of man-made and natural disasters that have already occurred. We added physical effects like spraying biodegradable ash and paper, but whatever we couldn't get in the camera, CGI took over to eliminate signs of life, green pine needles, birds, jet streams. It was more to take out or put in. The challenge was when it was beautiful blue skies and sunshine, because we had to block the sun. There's a shot of two ships sitting on a freeway. That's 70 mil. IMAX footage from two days after Katrina. We had to replace the blue sky and green grass in that shot, but everything else is real. Even the smoke billowing in the background we took from was from 9/11. We deliberately used images we have all seen to make it more real and to give more poignancy and a warning sign and to surround it, because that's what the book is about, grace under pressure. When you're surrounded by your real fears, things that you know are possible in some way, it makes hope all the more special. The light shines brightest when it is surrounded by dark.

Jared Hess directed "Napoleon Dynamite" and "Nacho Libre" from screenplays he wrote with his wife Jerusha. Their latest film is "Gentlemen Broncos," about a teenage boy whose story is stolen by a best-selling author. He told me that he has spent part of his Mormon mission in my home town of Chicago and that it was there he first heard the name "Napoleon Dynamite." I spoke to him about the autobiographical sources of this film, sleeping on the couch, and why things get funnier in hindsight.

NM: You have an outstanding cast in this film. But the one who surprises me is Mike White. I would not have expected to see you work together.

JH: Both my wife and I have been big fans of his work on "Freaks and Geeks" and "The Good Girl" and "School of Rock." A lot of people might not see our comedic sensibilities matching up, the same things make us laugh. We were both raised in very religious families. There's a little bit of an understanding there.

NM: Michael Angarano was extraordinary; some of his expressions were so thoughtful and layered.

JH: We spent a lot of time trying to find someone who would be really genuine in the role of Benjamin. He's just kind of effortless, really believable, super-talented. Every actor has their own process but he's the kind of guy where we're on set and he's chatting and boom! He jumps into it as soon as we're ready to go. Compared to the other characters in the film, he's kind of Mr. Normal. But when you see the world that he's created, you realize that he is strange like everybody else.

NM: And Halley Feiffer is wonderful in the film. Shes the daughter of artist Jules Feiffer and was so terrific in "The Squid and the Whale."

JH: For that role, we read a lot of people. Again, she had a natural but crazy feeling, that unintentional feeling, unaware of what she is doing to people, trying to take advantage. The hand cream scene was very autobiographical. When my family moved to Idaho, the English and theater kids were going to a Shakespeare festival in southern Utah on a bus. I was crowded onto a seat with a guy who was blowing in a girl's ear and giving her weird head massages.

NM: Are those real vintage pulp novels in the opening credit sequence? The cover art is amazing!

JH: Yes, they were all real. Those were all real illustrations, mostly from the 60's and 70's. The main artist was a man named Kelly Freas.

NM: Are you a fan of that genre of sci-fi?

JH: Yes, though as a kid I didn't read as much but I loved the covers. All my favorite films were science fiction.

NM: Like what?

JH: "Star Wars," David Lynch's "Dune," which I know a lot of people have mixed feelings about. That was a creepy movie, though. I liked it. "The Explorers." And then as I got older, I got more aware of the more obscure films. I'm a big fan of the limited resource genre, the ones with small budgets. They've got a lot of charm to them. They've got big worlds that they're trying to create but they don't really have the dough. One guy who was in the Q&A scene, when we were done shooting, he gave me a copy of the screenplay of "Krull." "Check this out, man, you're going to love it; it's a really great read." He said his new year's resolution is to read every Philip H. Dick novel. I really wanted to be a special effects guy, a lot of my early films were sci fi related, when you're a kid you don't have a script, or the whole idea is cut short.

NM: That's what you did in this film.

JH: Yes, and the idea that this is from the mind of a 15-year-old kid. This is his epic fantasy; it's not "Blade Runner." We're in the world of battle stags and yeast.

NM: Yes, there is this very fresh, innocent cheesiness in the stories in the film.

JH: We really try and populate our films with authentic people who might not normally have an opportunity to be in a film. We have a lot of fun with it. Like the idea of adults that are still thinking like children. I guess that's how I am.

NM: This is your first PG-13 film.

JH: Yes, my wife has seven brothers and I'm the oldest of five boys. The body humor aspects of this film are quite prevalent. We wanted to have the kind of awkward body things that happen in his real life influence his work a little bit. It's quite silly.

NM: How do you and your wife work together when you are writing a screenplay?

JH: It's fun working with my wife. I slept on the couch a lot, but each time we write it gets better. We're not really sure who's responsible for what. We spend a lot of time just talking. The biggest difference is I'm a boy and she's a girl. On "Napoleon Dynamite," she was the costume designer, on this one she is the producer. Whenever she's on set she keeps me in check. We are planning a romantic comedy and she might direct it. I'd like to do a western with cowboys and shoot-outs.

NM: What makes you laugh?

JH: The awkward things that happen, usually in hindsight. You have to have a good sense of humor about the past.

Danish director Lone Scherfig ("Italian for Beginners") has garnered a lot of attention for her first English language film, "An Education." It is the story of a young woman impatient to be independent and sophisticated, and what happens when she meets an older man. It is set in 1961 London, on the brink of a shift from post-war deprivation to the wild and audacious era of Carnaby Street and the Beatles.

NM: I related to the film as a former young girl and as a parent -- I identified with everyone.

LS: That's good!

NM: The period detail is so exact. That era, on the brink of so much change, and you get that in the production design.

LS: It is a period that hasn't been depicted much. The period itself is bursting with appetite for the future but doesn't know what it will be.

NM: Like the main character!

LS: A lot of her frustration is because she is heading for a future that is better than she can imagine. She wonders why she should get an education just to have a life she did not want, the few options that were available to her. She does not know what she wants. She says she does not want to feel anything and the first thing she does is jump straight into the arms of this man. She is bright but still completely innocent.

My main task as a director was to trust the script, not to be over-inventive, just to tell the story. We don't have soldiers getting killed; we have a girl who loses her trust in other people.

NM: The book was written by a woman based on her own life, but the screenplay was written by Nick Hornby, better known for writing about men and boys.

LS: This is the first time I've had a female main character. You are just interested in that other species. But now I am so far from being 17 -- of course I can remember and I have a daughter who is 15, but I could not have done it 10 years ago. I have a warmth for a girl at that age now that I don't identify with her any more.

Tell me about working with the lovely and elegant Rosamund Pike, who plays the not very bright girlfriend of a slightly shady character.

LS: She's never done comedy before. I love casting against type. To have her inventing herself as a comedian as you go was very exciting. She combines some comedy and something melancholic. You can have very stylistically different characters but not stick out. We did a lot of variations. And it is wonderful to see her realize, "I can do this." She does research and she does eight different takes trying out the mechanics of comedy. And she was the only person in the cast who had been to Oxford, so she helped us understand that environment.

NM: Is there a theme that you keep coming back to in the stories you like to tell?

LS: Insecurity, people who can't speak for themselves, people who are slightly invisible, odd couples, men in their late 30's. The more I do, the more I identify my own footprint as a director. Now I can look back and see where I've been. When the world has been in a bad way, I've felt "I must do comedy." But now, I think I can do something darker.

NM: Will you make more films in English?

LS: Yes! There are so many wonderful English-speaking actors, a great acting tradition. And it's a very rich language, more expressive and precise than my own language.

NM: There has been a lot of focus on your young star, Carey Mulligan, who is luminous in this movie. What was it about her that sang to you?

LS: Singing is a good word. She hit the right emotional notes. You feel for her. She was believable as someone who was a virgin. She has a good sense of taste in her acting, very versatile. I started working with her, even acted with her. The costume and hairstyle department were very important in helping her develop the character. That dress she wears the first night she goes out, much too warm, carrying her mom's handbag, was perfect. The costume designer got a lot of personal photo albums instead of relying on magazines and reference books, we trusted in reality.

Part 2 -- from an online press briefing with "Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure" director Klay Hall and producer Sean Lurie." And don't forget to enter the contest for the Tinker Bell DVD and wings!

Q: Can you talk a little bit about the look of this film and what inspired it?

Klay Hall: Certainly the inspiration comes from the original 1953 Peter Pan movie. The colors and the richness of the backgrounds from the original film were embraced. What was great about this time is we were able to give it a fresh look and able to incorporate CG. We were able to enhance the textures and the hues to really give it the richness we felt it deserved.

Q: What is the benefit of Blu-ray for a film such as this?

Sean Lurie: We produced the film in High Definition. Watching it on Blu-ray is, by far, the best way to see this. It's visually stunning and we don't want you to miss the incredible visual details.

Q: Mr. Hall, do you coordinate the performances of the voice talents with the visual artists? Or does one come first and the other have to try to match up? Do the voice talents have a good idea of what the look of the scene will be?

Klay Hall: Yes, I do coordinate all the voice talents with the visual artists; however, we do record the voices first, so the animators have an acting track to work from. If I don't have an actor recorded at the time I am handing out a scene, we do what is called a "scratch track," where myself or an animator will speak the words and we will record them, so we have something to work from. When I go into final record with acting talent, I bring character design, color art and sometimes a pencil test scene that will help inform the actor of what I'll be looking for.

Q: Which is the secret to Tinker Bell's success?

Sean Lurie: I think it's her charm, curiosity, and that she is not perfect. These things make her relatable. And she can FLY!

Q: Can you tell me about the production of the score? How did you work with Joel McNeely? Can you tell me about the chorus and the choice of Gaelic for the lyrics, as a kind a secret fairy language?

Klay Hall: I worked very closely with Joel McNeely from early on. We talked about how we wanted to capture authenticity of the Celtic world and have it sound organic. Joel is a very accomplished musician on several instruments and he had creative ideas on how to create this new sound. As part of our production process, we were able to travel to Ireland and meet with David Downes, several musicians and singers, including some of the Celtic Women. When we first heard the Celtic choir, it was in the Abbey's residence, a 400 year old building next to St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin. Talk about inspiring and moving. It was truly amazing, an incredible experience and we felt like we were really on to something.

Q: How long did the production for the movie overall take?

Sean Lurie: It took about two and a half years.

Q: Is it all computer generated?.

Sean Lurie: Yes. We start with "flat" designs and storyboards drawn with a stylist in the computer (they resemble pencil drawings). We then construct those characters, environments and props as models in a 3d digital environment. Even though the shots are computer generated there are many talented animators animating each shot and character.

Q: What are the differences you can see comparing the new Tinker Bell and the older one, being a co-star of Peter Pan?

Sean Lurie: The biggest difference has to be that she can talk in these movies. Even though she couldn't talk in the Peter Pan movie she was very expressive. You always new what she was trying to communicate. We tried to keep her very expressive, and maintain her key personality traits. Translating her from 2D drawings to a fully 3 dimensional character is also a visual difference. We tried to be as accurate in her appearance as possible. It was important that people recognize and accept her as the Tink they know and love.

Q: Can you describe Tinker Bell's new costume and how you arrived at its design?

Klay Hall: Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure is set in the Autumn. So it seemed proper to update Tinker Bell's outfit. In the earlier films, she wears her iconic little green dress. However, it being fall and there being crispness in the air, in addition to this being an adventure movie, her dress just wouldn't work. So myself, John Lasseter, Ellen Jin, the Art Director, and the costume designers from the parks all weighed in on an approach to a new design. We landed on her wearing leggings, a long-sleeve shirt, a shawl, a hat and high boots with her iconic pom-poms still attached. The costume also had to feel as if a fairy made it, so all the materials, textures and elements are organic and easily found in nature.

Q: What was it like working with John Lasseter?

It was awesome! Working with John was a dream come true. He is so invested in this TInker Bell films and very hands on. John is very much a collaborator and helpful at every level. He was involved practically at all levels....From the original story pitch, costume design and character design to sequence approvals, animation, music and the final sounds effects mix.

Q: To Mr. Hall: Please, would you share some memories of Ward Kimball and Milt Kahl as persons and the way they inspired you in your work?

Klay Hall: It was an honor to meet Ward Kimball, which I had the pleasure on several occasions. I spoke with him while a student at Cal Arts and then was able to correspond with him in the later years about animation and technique. He was a warm, friendly guy who had me out to his house and even invited me to his last steam-up at Grizzly Flats Railroad. Unfortunately, I never met Milt personally, but was also able to correspond with him through the mail. He was very friendly and encouraging in his advice about acting for animation and being sure to do your research before you begin to draw. I still look back and read the letters from these guys, watch the scenes they worked on and I'm truly inspired to this day.

Q: Do you anticipate any of the other Peter Pan characters making appearances in Tinkerbell films?

Klay Hall: You never know! It would be great.

Q: What are the advantages of treating the fairies' world in CG? And what are the difficulties that implies, too?

Sean Lurie: We felt that CG was a great medium for these films because it allows us to create a truly magical world. The richness, color and depth is fantastic. We also felt that CG would help create an environment that we could easly return to in subsequent films. Our biggest challenge with CG was to create a faithful rendition of Tinker Bell. We spent a lot of time on this because we know that this is a beloved character.

Q: I love the stylized look of the opening sequence. What inspired it?

Klay Hall: I happen to love Autumn. The way the light hits the trees, the colors of fall and the crispness in the air. I wanted to capture the textures and feel of the season.

Q: What is the most important lesson children can learn from Tinkerbell?

Klay Hall: We all can learn so much from Tinker Bell and her adventures. TInk herself learns a valuable lesson in the film -friendship is one of the greatest treasures of all; she learns that it's okay to make mistakes and to forgive.

Q: What is your favorite scene from the Tinker Bell movie?

Sean Lurie: I love the scene where Terence is helping Tink build the scepter, and over a period of time gets on her nerves. It's a very relatable scene with lot's of humor. The acting in this scene is very good and funny. We are also both very fond of the Trolls scene. It's a great thing when you can take very unappealing (looking) characters and make them some of the most charming characters in the film.

Q: Both of you have two sons like me. With the emphasis on the Terence character, is part of the priority for you to make Tinker Bell more interesting to boys?

Sean Lurie: Our objective was to create a film that had a broad family appeal. We wanted to create a movie that the whole family would enjoy, including our sons.

Crude is the latest documentary from Joe Berlinger, whose last film was the award-winning "Metallica: Some Kind of Monster." This movie explores a large, complex, international environmental lawsuit over damage allegedly inflicted by an oil company on a community in Ecuador. He also does the television show Iconoclasts, pairing interesting high-profile people with the people who inspire them. I spoke with him by phone about this new film.

NM: How did you gain the confidence of the people you were filming? Unlike your last subjects, Metallica, you were dealing with subjects who were not familiar with media.

JB: I would not necessarily distinguish them that way -- getting the trust of a media figure like Metallica or James Hetfield is no easier than getting the trust of these people. One of the amazing things about this experience was how unguarded and open people were and how easy it was to gain their trust. Metallica are not just any rock stars, they are all about male testosterone-fueled rage and not showing any weakness and to allow that to be put on screen was even more difficult.

When I made "Paradise Lost," a film about three teenagers falsely accused of devil-worshiping murders because of the clothes they wore and the music they listened to, and it was shot in 1993, just as the 24-hour news cycle as we know it today was kicking in and it was a very different mindset. It was the last time I felt in my career that we got that kind of access, total access to the families of the defendants, three families of the victims, the judge, the prosecutor, we filmed the trial. If we made the film today, it would not have been possible. There would be 50 satellite trucks, five Hollywood agents, book deals, that kind of thing has happened in the last five or ten years, who likes to dig in and tell a story over the long haul -- not what the media does -- it makes my job that much more difficult.

So one of the unexpected pleasures of "Crude" was I once again felt that freedom that I could take my camera anywhere in this country. The people involved were -- in a refreshing way -- un-media savvy, un-tainted, un-jaded. And these are people who have been wronged for a long time. I was surprised a little bit that a white person and an outsider had such ease. But what motivated me was not the lawsuit per se but I had an epiphany as I walked around the villages and saw the level of disregard that these people have suffered at the hands of others. For the first time I viewed this injustice toward them as part of the long continuum for the last 600-700 years. As I see people eating canned tuna instead because there are no longer fish from the nearby water, getting diseases they never got before, poisoned drinking water. Their lives have been devastated, first by missionaries and then by the oil companies. What made me want to see the film was seeing it in a larger context of displacement and mistreatment of indigenous people. I didn't want an "oh, we have to win the lawsuit," one-sided agitprop kind of film-making. That is not consistent with my style of film-making and it is actually less persuasive than my style which is kind of warts and all.

NM: That brings me to my next question. You make a real effort to be even-handed here. The movie certainly has a point of view but you let all sides make their own case. How do you make your point, stay even-handed, preserve your credibility, and still show what you have learned?

JB: Some filmmakers in the category of human rights and expose are afraid of a contrarian point of view, but I think it creates a viewing experience that is active instead of than passive. When a film has a singular point of view -- first of all, stylistically I don't believe in narration because I am a cinema verite film-maker. I want the audience to make up their own minds about what they are seeing. I believe the emotional truth of a situation rises clearly to the top. But a lot of film-makers start a film with a thesis and bang it over your head and have all their points adhere to that thesis. I embrace a contrarian point of view because that way the audience weighs the pros and cons and comes to their own conclusion. If you treat an audience member like a member of a jury they will make up their own minds and that is much more persuasive experience than telling them what you think they should think. Only people who already agree with you will see it. Any film where you want to affect social change you have to bring other people into the fold. You have a better chance of having people walk out of the movie and take action if they have been actively engaged. There hasn't been a screening of this film where I haven't had 40 people come up to me afterward and ask me what they could do. If people come to their own conclusion they will want to become more involved.

NM: How do you frame the story then?

The other thing that allowed me to be even-handed, and this was to the consternation of some of the activists and certainly to the plaintiff's lawyers, who were surprised that it was not more overtly in favor of the lawsuit, is that the film to me is not really about the lawsuit. It is an excuse to tell a larger story. The lawsuit, while I think it's important that there is a lawsuit and it is an historic one because it is the first time indigenous people have brought a foreign company into their own courts to hold them accountable, and it was important to deflate the issue of the for-profit lawsuit right up front instead of hiding from it, but a lawsuit is an inadequate vehicle for addressing humanitarian and environmental issues. We're in year 17 with no end in sight. Even if there is a ruling this winter, as we expect, it will be appealed for another decade. And then try to make them pay. Look at the Exxon Valdez. Everyone agreed that they were in the wrong but it took almost two decades to pay those fines and at the last minute they got a judge to reduce the amount by 80 percent.

The other larger observation of the film is that I am not smart enough to tell you whether Chevron has wrapped itself up in enough legalities, all the legal issues and claims and counter-claims. The jurisdictional issue is interesting, the initial release from the government is an interesting issue. I'm not trained in the law. To me, there's a much larger issue here, and that is the utter immorality about what is done. The law is not about seeking the truth; it is about presenting the best argument. For me, there is no justification for what they did originally. They came into a place where there were six indigenous tribes, and yes, the government had a hand in it, and they set up a system that was designed to pollute. There is no moral justification for that, to use methods that were not permissible in our country. Unlike everyone else, after the arguments are over, they have to go back there to God knows what existence, to that poisoned environment. Another generation will suffer because the lawsuit is taking so long.

Another reason for the stylistic approach is that it is an advocacy film but it is also a portrait of advocacy. The camera pulls back a bit in a self-reflective way and looks at the advocacy movement, what each side has to do to push their agendas forward. Some people asked, "Are you sure you want to show the coaching of the witnesses?" It wasn't about gotcha.

NM: It was about teaching them you have to speak their language.

JB: There's an honesty in that that I think the audience feels and it helps in their engagement to weigh the issues, including to weigh the media and celebrities. It asks why in this country unless there is celebrity attention on a social or humanitarian issue it does not get any media attention? I have enormous regard for Sting and [his wife] Trudie Styler for what they did for this region long before the celebrity photo-op was fashionable, they walk the walk, but the film is critiquing why we need that.

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