We began a series, which will have new posts sporadically rather than consistently, not long ago about Translation and the tribalism that we now experience with translations. One of our points is that the authoritative text is not the translation but the original languages. (This is not denying the authority of God or the Holy Spirit, but instead the smaller point: when translating, we don't pronounce the translation the authority but always defer to the original. Always.)Another point being made in the recent dustup about the TNIV and the NIV (and the NIVI) has to do with "translation theory." I hear it like this all the time: I prefer "dynamic equivalence" (functional equivalence) or I prefer "formal equivalence." Sometimes it gets expressed by such words as "paraphrase" or "literal" and sometimes by "bad" and "good." Or "loose" and "tight."
I'd like to contend today that most words are translated in all Bible translations with formal equivalence and that some words are translated more or less in a dynamic, or functional way. In other words, there isn't really a radical commitment to dynamic equivalence -- as if one can find some better way in English to the original languages "and" or "but" or "the" or "God." Or a radical commitment to "formal equivalence," as if the Greek word order can be maintained in English and make sense, though at times the NASB gave that a try (much to the consternation of English readers). No one translates "God's nostrils got bigger" (formal equivalence) but we translate "God became angry." There are some expressions that can't be translated woodenly unless one prefers not to be understood. (See Dan Wallace.)
The result of this is that all translations are on a spectrum of more or less formal and more ore less dynamic. Now one more complication: each translation will vary for individual words or phrases or clauses.
The most important book to read (so far as I know) for translation theory is the old book by Eugene Nida, The Theory and Practice of Translation
, and I used to teach this book every year. The issue here is clear: there is an original text and there is a "receptor" language (English). It is the translator's intent to take the original text and make it the receptor language in a way that is as "equivalent" as possible. The issue has to do with which one gains prominence when decision time comes? Everyone strives for "equivalence." The TNIV people don't think they are paraphrasing; they are translating the original text accurately into modern English.
Formal equivalence tends to move in the direction of "identity" -- the idea that one can translate as simply as possible in a way that is as close to "identical" as one language can be to another. "And" becomes "and" and "gird up the loins of your mind" becomes "gird up the loins of your mind." The more dynamic approach is as concerned with a modern reader being provoked to the same response as the original language provoked in the original writer/listener/reader. So, the spectrum moves from identical text to receptor's response/understanding. The focus moves from "text in its original context" to "text in its modern context." In one the emphasis is on rendering a text in as identical fashion as possible while the other is on rendering a text so that obstacles are removed to understanding. And another point: preachers and teachers, whether they like the formal or not, always explain the text in dynamic ways. All of this is connected to purpose of both translator and reader -- which I'll address in another post.
, and I used to teach this book every year. The issue here is clear: there is an original text and there is a "receptor" language (English). It is the translator's intent to take the original text and make it the receptor language in a way that is as "equivalent" as possible. The issue has to do with which one gains prominence when decision time comes? Everyone strives for "equivalence." The TNIV people don't think they are paraphrasing; they are translating the original text accurately into modern English.Formal equivalence tends to move in the direction of "identity" -- the idea that one can translate as simply as possible in a way that is as close to "identical" as one language can be to another. "And" becomes "and" and "gird up the loins of your mind" becomes "gird up the loins of your mind." The more dynamic approach is as concerned with a modern reader being provoked to the same response as the original language provoked in the original writer/listener/reader. So, the spectrum moves from identical text to receptor's response/understanding. The focus moves from "text in its original context" to "text in its modern context." In one the emphasis is on rendering a text in as identical fashion as possible while the other is on rendering a text so that obstacles are removed to understanding. And another point: preachers and teachers, whether they like the formal or not, always explain the text in dynamic ways. All of this is connected to purpose of both translator and reader -- which I'll address in another post.It is not to be forgotten that the NT authors more often than not quote the Old Testament (Hebrew Bible) from its Greek translations (called Septuagint), and those translations were as dynamic at times as we see in modern dynamic translations -- making it fairly obvious that use of dynamic translation is already at work in the New Testament we are now reading.
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A good, much newer textbook for Bible translation than Nida's book is Meaning-Based Translation by missionary Bible translation consultant Mildred Larson:
Meaning-Based Translation. It would be good for every seminary to have a one year sequence of courses (or at least one intense semester) on Bible translation theory and practice. This would help dispel much of the misinformation circulating today about Bible versions.
So up until say 1950 the idioms of bible were part of the working vocabulary of the man on the street.
True. One of the changes since then is that the vocabulary of the working woman on the street gets to be considered as well! :-)
Wayne, I'm getting some good pushback on this "text in context" comment and I really didn't mean anything other than "text of that world" into a "language of another world" and didn't mean "transculturation." (Though I suspect dynamic dimensions move in that direction at times.
Anyway, I'll watch how I say this next time!
Wayne,
I couldn't tell from the short and few reviews of Meaning-Based Translation, whether it's attempt is at providing the benefits and challenges of formaldynamic tranlation or if it's really more focussing on one or the other. The title seems to indicate the latter... What's your take?
Scot,
Thanks for more great discussion on this. I certainly appreciate you linking a Wallace article. I both love and despise him for his work on the greek genetive. :) Do you know if Stanley Porter has published anything similar (I couldn't find one via Google)? As far as I know, those are the two titans of current greek grammar and they sometimes have different takes.
Overall, I hope that as people read through these discussions, they get a sense of one thing that recurs with great frequency: Top translators and editors of various bibles and with various leanings along the tranlation continuum, consistently suggest that you read multiple tranlsations that represent differnt points along the line.
This whole subject of "tribal translations" has been thought-provoking. On a related note, I wonder how much of the seemingly constant barrage of translations is driven by commercialism and marketing. I understand the need to update from time to time, but the current situation seems terribly excessive. Just a thought.
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